Occupational Noise and Hypertension Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Aims and Objectives
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Eligibility Criteria
2.2. Study Selection
2.3. Data Extraction and Risk of Bias
2.4. Data Synthesis
2.5. Sensitivity Analysis
2.6. Assessment of Evidence
- study limitations (risk of bias);
- indirectness of evidence;
- inconsistency of evidence;
- imprecision;
- publication bias;
- 6.
- large magnitude of effect;
- 7.
- dose-response gradient; and,
- 8.
- residual confounding increases confidence.
3. Results
3.1. Risk of Bias
3.2. Meta-Analysis
3.3. Publication Bias
3.4. Quality of Evidence Assessment
4. Discussions
4.1. Strengths and Limitations
4.2. Dose-Response Relationship
4.3. Discussion of the Stokholm et al. 2013 Study
4.4. Evidence of Causality
- (a)
- (b)
- Further evidence of a dose-response relationship between the level of occupational noise exposure and risk of hypertension supports the association.
- (c)
- There is a strong association between the level of exposure to occupational noise and the risk of hypertension, which is more than three times higher for workers exposed to noise above 85 dB(A).
- (d)
- The relationship between occupational noise exposure and increased risk is consistent and it has been observed in a large number of epidemiological studies.
- (e)
- The temporal relationship between occupational noise exposure and hypertension has been established in several cohort studies.
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Exposure in dB(A) | Years of Exposure | LEX,40y | RR LAeq(40y)-70 dBA (RR per 10dBA = 1.88) |
---|---|---|---|
70 | 40 | 70.00 | 1.00 (Reference) |
80 | 5 | 70.97 | 1.06 |
80 | 10 | 73.98 | 1.29 |
80 | 15 | 75.74 | 1.44 |
80 | 20 | 76.99 | 1.55 |
80 | 30 | 78.75 | 1.74 |
80 | 40 | 80.00 | 1.88 |
81 | 5 | 71.97 | 1.13 |
81 | 10 | 74.98 | 1.37 |
81 | 15 | 76.74 | 1.53 |
81 | 20 | 77.99 | 1.66 |
81 | 30 | 79.75 | 1.85 |
81 | 40 | 81.00 | 2.00 |
82 | 5 | 72.97 | 1.21 |
82 | 10 | 75.98 | 1.46 |
82 | 15 | 77.74 | 1.63 |
82 | 20 | 78.99 | 1.76 |
82 | 30 | 80.75 | 1.97 |
82 | 40 | 82.00 | 2.13 |
83 | 5 | 73.97 | 1.28 |
83 | 10 | 76.98 | 1.55 |
83 | 15 | 78.74 | 1.74 |
83 | 20 | 79.99 | 1.88 |
83 | 30 | 81.75 | 2.10 |
83 | 40 | 83.00 | 2.27 |
84 | 5 | 74.97 | 1.37 |
84 | 10 | 77.98 | 1.65 |
84 | 15 | 79.74 | 1.85 |
84 | 20 | 80.99 | 2.00 |
84 | 30 | 82.75 | 2.24 |
84 | 40 | 84.00 | 2.42 |
85 | 5 | 75.97 | 1.46 |
85 | 10 | 78.98 | 1.76 |
85 | 15 | 80.74 | 1.97 |
85 | 20 | 81.99 | 2.13 |
85 | 30 | 83.75 | 2.38 |
85 | 40 | 85.00 | 2.58 |
86 | 5 | 76.97 | 1.55 |
86 | 10 | 79.98 | 1.88 |
86 | 15 | 81.74 | 2.10 |
86 | 20 | 82.99 | 2.27 |
86 | 30 | 84.75 | 2.54 |
86 | 40 | 86.00 | 2.75 |
87 | 5 | 77.97 | 1.65 |
87 | 10 | 80.98 | 2.00 |
87 | 15 | 82.74 | 2.24 |
87 | 20 | 83.99 | 2.42 |
87 | 30 | 85.75 | 2.70 |
87 | 40 | 87.00 | 2.92 |
88 | 5 | 78.97 | 1.76 |
88 | 10 | 81.98 | 2.13 |
88 | 15 | 83.74 | 2.38 |
88 | 20 | 84.99 | 2.58 |
88 | 30 | 86.75 | 2.88 |
88 | 40 | 88.00 | 3.12 |
89 | 5 | 79.97 | 1.88 |
89 | 10 | 82.98 | 2.27 |
89 | 15 | 84.74 | 2.54 |
89 | 20 | 85.99 | 2.74 |
89 | 30 | 87.75 | 3.07 |
89 | 40 | 89.00 | 3.32 |
90 | 5 | 80.97 | 2.00 |
90 | 10 | 83.98 | 2.42 |
90 | 15 | 85.74 | 2.70 |
90 | 20 | 86.99 | 2.92 |
90 | 30 | 88.75 | 3.27 |
90 | 40 | 90.00 | 3.53 |
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Inclusion | Exclusion | |
---|---|---|
Population (P) | General working population | Children and animals |
Exposure (E) | Quantified occupational noise exposure in dB | No quantification of occupational noise exposure in dB |
Comparison (C) | General working population or specific groups of workers with noise exposures LEX,8h ≤80 dB | No adequate comparison group |
Outcome (O) | Primary arterial hypertension (ICD10 = I10) defined using at least one of the following criteria:
| No identification/diagnosis of hypertension using the definitions outlined in the inclusion criteria column |
Study Design (S) | cohort, case-control, cross-sectional, case-cohort, nested-case-control studies with a response ≥10% | qualitative studies, case descriptions, ecological studies, experimental studies, letters to the editor, comments/editorials, congress abstracts/posters, reviews; epidemiological studies not reporting response or with response <10% |
Study | Study Type | Major Domains | Minor Domains | OVERALL | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Recruitment & Follow-up (Cohort) | Exposure Definition & Measurement | Outcome Assessment & Validation | Con-Foun-Ding & Effect Modification | Analysis Method | Chronology | Assessor Blinding | Funding | Conflict of Interest | |||
Attarchi 2013 [48] | CS | ||||||||||
Brahem 2019 [49] | CS | ||||||||||
Chang 2009 [44] | CS | ||||||||||
Chang 2012 [50] | CS | ||||||||||
Chang 2013 [51] | Co | ||||||||||
Chen 2005 [52,63] | CS | ||||||||||
De Souza 2015 [53] | CS | ||||||||||
Fogari 1994 [54] § | CS | ||||||||||
Fogari 1995 [55] | CS | ||||||||||
Fokin 2018 [56] | Co | ||||||||||
Giordano 2001 [57] | CS | ||||||||||
Ha & Kim 1991 [58] | CS | ||||||||||
Hwang 2012 [59] | Co | ||||||||||
Jegaden 1986 [60] | CS | ||||||||||
Liu 2016 [61] | Co | ||||||||||
Melamed 2001 [62] | Co | ||||||||||
Parameswarappa 2015 [64] | CS | ||||||||||
Pilawska 1977 [65] | CS | ||||||||||
Shaykhlislamova 2018 [66] | CS | ||||||||||
Siagian 2009 [67] | Nested CC | ||||||||||
Souto Souza 2001 [68] | CS | ||||||||||
Stokholm 2013 [69] | Co | ||||||||||
Talijancic 1989 [70] | CS | ||||||||||
Zhao 1991 [71,72] | CS |
Question: Are workers chronically exposed to noise at work with an exposure intensity of >80 dB(A) at an elevated risk for developing arterial hypertension? | ||||||||||
№ of Studies (Participants) | 1. Study limitations | 2. Indirectness | 3. Inconsistency | 4. Imprecision | 5. Publication Bias | 6. Effect size | 7. Dose-response Gradient | 8. Residual Confounding | Effect Size | Certainty |
23 observational studies (n = 171 985)1 | not serious2 | not serious | not serious3 | not serious | Detected4 ↓ | Detected5 ↑ | Detected6 ↑ | no | RR 1.72 (1.48 to 2.01) | ⨁⨁⨁ HIGH |
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Bolm-Audorff, U.; Hegewald, J.; Pretzsch, A.; Freiberg, A.; Nienhaus, A.; Seidler, A. Occupational Noise and Hypertension Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6281. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176281
Bolm-Audorff U, Hegewald J, Pretzsch A, Freiberg A, Nienhaus A, Seidler A. Occupational Noise and Hypertension Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6281. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176281
Chicago/Turabian StyleBolm-Audorff, Ulrich, Janice Hegewald, Anna Pretzsch, Alice Freiberg, Albert Nienhaus, and Andreas Seidler. 2020. "Occupational Noise and Hypertension Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6281. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176281