Risk and Protective Factors in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Case Control Study in the Lebanese Population
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Recruitment and Data Collection
2.3. Variables and Trial Design
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Bivariate Analysis
3.2. Multivariate Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Control Group | ASD Group | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | 0.000 * | ||
Male | 55 (55%) | 84 (84%) | |
Female | 45 (45%) | 16 (16%) | |
Age | 0.731 | ||
Mean ± standard deviation | 10.40 ± 5.21 | 10.14 ± 5.51 | |
Mother’s age at conception | 0.551 | ||
Mean ± standard deviation | 28.52 ± 5.75 | 29.02 ± 6.19 | |
Father’s age at mother’s conception | 0.716 | ||
Mean ± standard deviation | 35.77 ± 8.36 | 36.17 ± 7.13 |
Variable | Control Group | ASD Group |
---|---|---|
Digestive disorders | ||
Yes | 20 (20%) | 33 (33%) |
No | 80 (80%) | 67 (67%) |
Allergic reaction to food | ||
Yes | 3 (3%) | 5 (5%) |
No | 97 (97%) | 95 (95%) |
Intellectual disability | ||
Yes | 0 (0%) | 44 (44%) |
No | 100 (100%) | 56 (56%) |
Epilepsy | ||
Yes | 0 (0%) | 11 (11%) |
No | 100 (100%) | 89 (89%) |
Variable | Control Group | ASD Group | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Maternal stress during pregnancy | 0.000 * | ||
Yes | 18 (18%) | 47 (47%) | |
No | 82 (82%) | 53 (53%) | |
Multivitamins intake during pregnancy | 0.005 * | ||
Yes | 85 (85%) | 68 (68%) | |
No | 15 (15%) | 32 (32%) | |
Iron supplementation during pregnancy | 0.027 * | ||
Yes | 24 (24%) | 12 (12%) | |
No | 76 (76%) | 88 (88%) | |
Coffee consumption during pregnancy | 0.086 | ||
Yes | 36 (36%) | 48 (48%) | |
No | 64 (64%) | 52 (52%) | |
Tea consumption during pregnancy | 0.079 | ||
Yes | 31 (31%) | 43 (43%) | |
No | 69 (69%) | 57 (57%) | |
Alcohol consumption during pregnancy | 0.081 | ||
Yes | 0 (0%) | 3 (3%) | |
No | 100 (100%) | 97 (97%) | |
Cereal diet during pregnancy | 0.001 * | ||
Yes | 88 (88%) | 68 (68%) | |
No | 12 (12%) | 32 (32%) | |
Passive exposure to tobacco at home during pregnancy | 0.008 * | ||
Yes | 30 (30%) | 47 (47%) | |
No | 70 (70%) | 53 (53%) | |
ASD brother/sister | 0.017 * | ||
Yes | 1 (1%) | 8 (8%) | |
No | 99 (99%) | 92 (92%) | |
ASD children in the family | 0.037 * | ||
Yes | 4 (4%) | 12 (12%) | |
No | 96 (96%) | 88 (88%) | |
ADHD children in the family | 0.002 * | ||
Yes | 2 (2%) | 14 (14%) | |
No | 98 (98%) | 86 (86%) | |
Dyspraxic children in the family | 0.004 * | ||
Yes | 0 (0%) | 8 (8%) | |
No | 100 (100%) | 92 (92%) |
Variable | p-Value | Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) |
---|---|---|
Risk Factors | ||
Maternal stress during pregnancy | 0.000 * | 6.339 (2.845–14.125) |
Presence of ASD patients in the family | 0.005 * | 7.878 (1.877–33.065) |
History of autoimmune diseases in the family | 0.206 | 4.534 (0.435–47.249) |
Presence of ADHD patients in the family | 0.020 * | 6.981 (1.362–35.789) |
Maternal passive tobacco exposure at home during pregnancy | 0.394 | 1.174 (0.812–1.699) |
Protective Factors | ||
Maternal rich cereal diet during pregnancy | 0.000 * | 0.212 (0.089–0.510) |
Iron supplementation during pregnancy | 0.004 * | 0.229 (0.083–0.627) |
Maternal multivitamins intake during pregnancy | 0.001 * | 0.257 (0.115–0.579) |
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Gerges, P.; Bitar, T.; Hawat, M.; Alameddine, A.; Soufia, M.; Andres, C.R.; Hleihel, W. Risk and Protective Factors in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Case Control Study in the Lebanese Population. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6323. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176323
Gerges P, Bitar T, Hawat M, Alameddine A, Soufia M, Andres CR, Hleihel W. Risk and Protective Factors in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Case Control Study in the Lebanese Population. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6323. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176323
Chicago/Turabian StyleGerges, Perla, Tania Bitar, Mirna Hawat, Abbas Alameddine, Michel Soufia, Christian R. Andres, and Walid Hleihel. 2020. "Risk and Protective Factors in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Case Control Study in the Lebanese Population" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6323. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176323