Spatial Analysis of the Neighborhood Risk Factors for Respiratory Health in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT): Implications for Emergency Planning
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Changing Climate, Increasing Health Risk
1.2. Health Planning and Preparedness
1.3. Respiratory Health
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sources
2.3. Data Exclusions
2.4. Modelling Methods
+ β4 (ui, vi) Over65i + β5 (ui, vi) IRSADi + log(Popi) + εi
+ log(Popi) + εi
3. Results
3.1. Spatial Distribution of Variables
3.2. Cluster Analysis
3.3. Modelling Results
3.4. COPD
4. Discussion
4.1. Access to Health Services
4.2. Age
4.3. Socioeconomic Status
4.4. Model Fit
4.5. Limitations, Strengths, and Areas for Future Analysis
4.6. Implications for Health Service Planning
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dependent Variables | |||
---|---|---|---|
Name | Description | Data Integration | Source |
Asthma count | Estimated number of people with asthma prevalent over a 2-year period, 2011–2013 | Asthma rate at 2011 SA2 level applied to 2016 SA1 level using a spatial join and averaging the rates for intersecting polygons. Asthma count then calculated as SA1 asthma rate x SA1 population and rounded to nearest whole number | Torrens University Australian Public Health Information Development Unit accessed through the Australian Urban Research Infrastructure Network-AURIN [23] |
COPD count | Estimated number of people with COPD prevalent over a 2-year period, 2011–2013 | COPD rate at 2011 SA2 level applied to 2016 SA1 level using a spatial join and averaging the rates for intersecting polygons. COPD count then calculated as SA1 asthma rate x SA1 population and rounded to nearest whole number | |
Explanatory Variables | |||
Name | Description | Data Integration | Source(s) |
ED | Average straight-line distance from each residence to nearest hospital emergency department | Euclidian distance between each residence location and nearest ED calculated then averaged over all residences within each SA1 block | Residence locations: Geo-coded National Address File (G-NAF) [24] Hospital locations: ACT Government [25] |
GP | Average straight-line distance from each residence to the nearest General practice | Euclidian distance between each residence location and nearest GP calculated, then averaged over all residences within each SA1 block | Residence locations: Geo-coded National Address File (G-NAF) [24] GP locations: Datajet licensed marketing database accessed through the Australian National University Research School of Population Health |
Under5 | Percentage of the population under 5 years of age | Data at SA2 level applied to each SA1 block within it | Australian Bureau of Statistics 2016 census data [26] |
Over65 | Percentage of the population over 65 years of age | Data at SA2 level applied to each SA1 block within it | |
IRSAD | Index of Relative Socioeconomic Advantage and Disadvantage. Low values indicate a high proportion of relatively disadvantaged people and a low proportion of relatively advantaged people in an area | Data available at SA1 level | Australian Bureau of Statistics 2016 census data [27] |
Pop | Total population | Data available at SA1 level | Australian Bureau of Statistics 2016 census data [28] |
Variables: N = 1013 | Mean | SD | Median | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asthma Rate (per 100 persons) | 9.7 | 1.6 | 10.1 | 0 | 11.3 |
COPD Rate (per 100 persons) | 2.2 | 0.3 | 2.3 | 0 | 2.9 |
Asthma Count | 37.2 | 14.1 | 36.0 | 0 | 166 |
COPD Count | 8.3 | 3.2 | 8.0 | 0 | 37 |
Distance to ED (km) | 6.4 | 3.0 | 6.2 | 0.4 | 18.4 |
Distance to GP (km) | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 11.4 |
Population (N) | 383 | 130 | 368 | 50 | 1564 |
Population under 5 (%) | 7.1 | 2.3 | 7.1 | 0 | 14.5 |
Population over 65 (%) | 12.4 | 5.8 | 12.4 | 0.5 | 27.2 |
IRSAD Score | 1088 | 62 | 1092 | 697 | 1239 |
Variable | Asthma Count | COPD Count | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Poisson | GWR-Poisson | Poisson | GWR-Poisson | |||||||||
Coeff | Std Error | VIF | Local Coefficients | Coeff | Std Error | VIF | Local Coefficients | |||||
Mean | Median | Mean | Median | |||||||||
ED | 0.035 ** | 0.003 | 1.58 | 0.014 | −0.002 | |||||||
GP | −0.054 *** | 0.008 | 1.22 | −0.054 | −0.057 | −0.039 * | 0.017 | 1.17 | −0.024 | −0.020 | ||
Under5 | 0.006 * | 0.003 | 1.64 | 0.002 | −0.007 | −0.010 | 0.005 | 1.16 | −0.022 | −0.007 | ||
Over65 | 0.010 *** | 0.001 | 1.57 | 0.011 | 0.010 | |||||||
IRSAD | −0.243 *** | 0.048 | 1.08 | −0.255 | −0.215 | −0.221 * | 0.098 | 1.03 | −0.224 | −0.170 | ||
Morans I residuals | Index | z | p | Index | z | p | Index | z | p | Index | z | p |
0.16 | 49.2 | 0.0000 | 0.04 | 7.5 | 0.0000 | 0.179 | 54.5 | 0.0000 | 0.019 | 6.1 | 0.0000 | |
Deviance explained | 0.128 | 0.279 | 0.063 | 0.437 | ||||||||
AIC | 6601 | 3153 | 4218 | 774 |
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Davies, S.; Konings, P.; Lal, A. Spatial Analysis of the Neighborhood Risk Factors for Respiratory Health in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT): Implications for Emergency Planning. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6396. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176396
Davies S, Konings P, Lal A. Spatial Analysis of the Neighborhood Risk Factors for Respiratory Health in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT): Implications for Emergency Planning. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6396. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176396
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavies, Sarah, Paul Konings, and Aparna Lal. 2020. "Spatial Analysis of the Neighborhood Risk Factors for Respiratory Health in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT): Implications for Emergency Planning" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6396. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176396