Female Employees’ Perception of Breastfeeding Support in the Workplace, Public Universities in Spain: A Multicentric Comparative Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Setting
2.3. Sample
2.4. Measurement
2.5. Data Collection
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Results of the Breastfeeding Duration Variables
3.2. The Workplace Breastfeeding Support Scale (WBSS) Results
3.3. Multivariate Analysis Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Universidad de Sevilla (US; n = 198) | Universitat Jaume I (UJI; n = 103) | p-Value 1 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | ||
Nationality | 0.677 | ||||
Spanish | 193 | 97.5 | 102 | 99 | |
North American | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Italian | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | |
French | 1 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | |
Swiss | 1 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | |
Level of Education | 0.004 | ||||
Primary education | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Secondary education | 22 | 11.1 | 1 | 1 | |
University studies | 174 | 87.9 | 102 | 99 | |
Job post | 0.808 | ||||
Administration/Services Personnel (PAS) | 90 | 45.5 | 49 | 47.6 | |
Teacher/Researcher (PDI) | 108 | 54.5 | 54 | 52.4 | |
Have a partner | 0.230 | ||||
Yes | 184 | 92.9 | 102 | 99 | |
No | 14 | 7.1 | 1 | 1 | |
Number of children | 0.001 | ||||
1 | 44 | 22.2 | 44 | 42.7 | |
2 | 115 | 58.1 | 50 | 48.5 | |
3 | 33 | 16.7 | 8 | 7.8 | |
4 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 1 | |
Health problems during pregnancy | 0.770 | ||||
No | 158 | 79.8 | 91 | 88.3 | |
Yes | 40 | 20.2 | 12 | 11.7 | |
Last birth | 0.443 | ||||
Cesarean for fetal emergency | 21 | 10.6 | 17 | 16.5 | |
Scheduled cesarean | 28 | 14.1 | 17 | 16.5 | |
Natural birth | 107 | 54 | 44 | 42.7 | |
Induced birth | 17 | 8.6 | 10 | 9.7 | |
Instrumented birth | 24 | 12.1 | 15 | 14.6 | |
Attended antenatal classes | 0.088 | ||||
No | 34 | 17.2 | 10 | 9.7 | |
Yes | 164 | 82.8 | 93 | 90.3 |
Universidad de Sevilla (US; n = 198) | Universitat Jaume I (UJI; n = 103) | p-Value 1 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | ||
You breastfed your children | 0.823 | ||||
No | 14 | 7.1 | 7 | 6.8 | |
Yes, all of them | 174 | 87.9 | 89 | 86.4 | |
Yes, but not all of them | 10 | 5.1 | 7 | 6.8 | |
Breastfeeding information | 0.226 | ||||
No | 23 | 11.6 | 7 | 6.8 | |
Yes | 175 | 88.4 | 96 | 93.2 | |
Intention to breastfeed | 0.051 | ||||
No | 4 | 2.0 | 7 | 6.8 | |
Yes | 194 | 98.0 | 96 | 93.2 | |
Breastfeeding last-born child | 0.837 | ||||
No | 18 | 9.1 | 10 | 9.7 | |
Yes | 180 | 90.9 | 93 | 90.3 | |
Attended a breastfeeding support group | <0.001 | ||||
No | 164 | 82.8 | 40 | 38.8 | |
Yes | 16 | 8.1 | 53 | 51.5 | |
Intention to continue breastfeeding when back at work | 0.580 | ||||
No | 48 | 24.4 | 13 | 12.6 | |
Yes | 132 | 66.7 | 80 | 77.7 | |
Continued breastfeeding when back at work | 0.001 | ||||
No | 78 | 39.4 | 19 | 18.4 | |
Yes | 100 | 50.5 | 74 | 71.8 | |
Breastfeeding duration | <0.001 | ||||
Less than 6 months | 79 | 39.9 | 16 | 15.5 | |
6–12 months | 36 | 18.2 | 14 | 13.6 | |
1–2 years | 33 | 16.7 | 29 | 28.2 | |
More than 2 years | 21 | 10.6 | 33 | 32.0 | |
Currently breastfeeding | 8 | 4 | - | - | |
Maternity leave time | 0.451 | ||||
6 weeks | 3 | 1.5 | 4 | 3.9 | |
7–11 weeks | 6 | 3 | 4 | 3.9 | |
12–16 weeks | 43 | 21.7 | 26 | 25.2 | |
More than 16 weeks | 116 | 58.6 | 59 | 57.3 | |
Work a shorter working day | 0.800 | ||||
No | 138 | 69.7 | 68 | 66 | |
Yes | 42 | 21.2 | 25 | 24.3 | |
Knowledge of legislation | 0.784 | ||||
No | 89 | 44.9 | 50 | 48.5 | |
Yes | 91 | 46 | 43 | 41.7 |
PAS (n = 64) | PDI (n = 91) | p-Value 1 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | ||
Total | 3.35 | 1.006 | 3.80 | 1.061 | 0.013 |
Break Time dimension | 3.31 | 1.537 | 4.18 | 1.556 | 0.001 |
My breaks are frequent enough for breastfeeding or pumping breast milk | 3.09 | 1.998 | 4.30 | 2.095 | 0.001 |
My breaks are long enough for breastfeeding or pumping breast milk | 3.13 | 2.035 | 4.31 | 2.133 | 0.001 |
I could adjust my break schedule in order to breastfeed or pump breast milk | 3.25 | 2.024 | 4.75 | 2.042 | <0.001 |
I feel comfortable taking several breaks during working hours to pump breast milk | 2.50 | 1.727 | 3.43 | 2.146 | 0.009 |
I have supportive coworkers who cover for me when I need to pump my milk | 3.39 | 2.150 | 3.76 | 2.228 | 0.337 |
I would feel comfortable asking for accommodation to help me breastfeed or pump breast milk at work | 4.52 | 2.039 | 4.55 | 1.996 | 0.976 |
Environmental Support dimension | 3.82 | 1.150 | 4.03 | 1.262 | 0.515 |
Breastfeeding is common in my workplace | 2.30 | 1.580 | 2.60 | 1.873 | 0.469 |
My coworkers agree that breastfeeding is better for baby’s health than formula feeding | 4.53 | 1.718 | 4.75 | 1.704 | 0.481 |
My supervisor says things that make me think he/she supports breastfeeding | 3.95 | 1.794 | 4.24 | 1.797 | 0.523 |
My coworkers do not make fun of me when I sometimes leak milk through my clothes | 4.98 | 1.972 | 5.03 | 1.969 | 0.955 |
I can easily find a quiet place other than the bathroom at work to pump breast milk | 2.53 | 1.755 | 3.27 | 2.281 | 0.084 |
My coworkers listen to me talk about my breastfeeding experience | 4.63 | 1.804 | 4.31 | 1.830 | 0.323 |
Technical Support dimension | 2.40 | 1.395 | 2.72 | 1.485 | 0.195 |
My workplace has a refrigerator that I can use to store my milk | 3.03 | 2.330 | 3.35 | 2.536 | 0.581 |
My workplace has a breast pump for nursing mothers to use | 1.52 | 1.069 | 1.31 | 1.072 | 0.071 |
My workplace has an on-site day care | 2.64 | 2.256 | 3.51 | 2.705 | 0.059 |
Workplace Policy dimension | 3.42 | 1.156 | 3.66 | 1.184 | 0.013 |
My job could be at risk (e.g., lose my job or get fewer scheduled hours) if I breastfed or pumped breast milk at work | 2.52 | 2.031 | 2.41 | 2.011 | 0.868 |
I would have enough maternity leave (paid and/or unpaid time off) to get breastfeeding started before going back to work | 4.11 | 2.344 | 4.66 | 2.363 | 0.164 |
I am certain my company has written policies for employees that are breastfeeding or pumping breast milk | 3.63 | 2.097 | 3.91 | 1.924 | 0.374 |
US (n = 102) | UJI (n = 53) | p-Value 1 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | ||
Total | 3.47 | 0.929 | 3.88 | 1.239 | 0.031 |
Break Time dimension | 3.71 | 1.508 | 4.04 | 1.764 | 0.321 |
My breaks are frequent enough for breastfeeding or pumping breast milk | 3.64 | 2.043 | 4.11 | 2.284 | 0.228 |
My breaks are long enough for breastfeeding or pumping breast milk | 3.67 | 2.122 | 4.11 | 2.242 | 0.245 |
I could adjust my break schedule in order to breastfeed or pump breast milk | 3.95 | 2.164 | 4.47 | 2.127 | 0.185 |
I feel comfortable taking several breaks during working hours to pump breast milk | 2.94 | 1.979 | 3.25 | 2.130 | 0.452 |
I have supportive coworkers who cover for me when I need to pump my milk | 3.54 | 2.183 | 3.74 | 2.237 | 0.685 |
I would feel comfortable asking for accommodation to help me breastfeed or pump breast milk at work | 4.51 | 2.105 | 4.58 | 1.823 | 0.780 |
Environmental Support dimension | 3.80 | 1.090 | 4.22 | 1.403 | 0.047 |
Breastfeeding is common in my workplace | 2.05 | 1.594 | 3.30 | 1.782 | <0.001 |
My coworkers agree that breastfeeding is better for baby’s health than formula feeding | 4.68 | 1.719 | 4.62 | 1.701 | 0.892 |
My supervisor says things that make me think he/she supports breastfeeding | 4.03 | 1.777 | 4.30 | 1.835 | 0.282 |
My coworkers do not make fun of me when I sometimes leak milk through my clothes | 5.15 | 1.937 | 4.75 | 2.009 | 0.225 |
I can easily find a quiet place other than the bathroom at work to pump breast milk | 2.69 | 2.025 | 3.51 | 2.172 | 0.020 |
My coworkers listen to me talk about my breastfeeding experience | 4.24 | 1.798 | 4.83 | 1.816 | 0.074 |
Technical Support dimension | 2.25 | 1.219 | 3.24 | 1.645 | <0.001 |
My workplace has a refrigerator that I can use to store my milk | 3.03 | 2.511 | 3.58 | 2.307 | 0.100 |
My workplace has a breast pump for nursing mothers to use | 1.19 | .641 | 1.79 | 1.536 | 0.004 |
My workplace has an on-site day care | 2.53 | 2.383 | 4.34 | 2.480 | <0.001 |
Workplace Policy dimension | 3.57 | 1.191 | 3.53 | 1.155 | 0.989 |
My job could be at risk (e.g., lose my job or get fewer scheduled hours) if I breastfed or pumped breast milk at work | 2.63 | 2.082 | 2.11 | 1.847 | 0.107 |
I would have enough maternity leave (paid and/or unpaid time off) to get breastfeeding started before going back to work | 4.64 | 2.311 | 4.04 | 2.433 | 0.152 |
I am certain my company has written policies for employees that are breastfeeding or pumping breast milk | 3.45 | 1.922 | 4.45 | 1.986 | 0.002 |
US (n = 102) | UJI (n = 53) | p1 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PAS (n = 37) | PDI (n = 65) | PAS (n = 27) | PDI (n = 26) | ||||||
M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | ||
Total | 3.15 | 0.895 | 3.66 | 0.903 | 3.62 | 1.099 | 4.16 | 1.335 | 0.005 |
Break Time dimension | 3.08 | 1.319 | 4.07 | 1.499 | 3.64 | 1.769 | 4.47 | 1.688 | 0.004 |
My breaks are frequent enough for breastfeeding or pumping breast milk | 2.81 | 1.808 | 4.11 | 2.032 | 3.48 | 2.208 | 4.77 | 2.215 | 0.002 |
My breaks are long enough for breastfeeding or pumping breast milk | 2.86 | 1.932 | 4.12 | 2.103 | 3.48 | 2.155 | 4.77 | 2.178 | 0.003 |
I could adjust my break schedule in order to breastfeed or pump breast milk | 2.57 | 1.482 | 4.74 | 2.101 | 4.19 | 2.304 | 4.77 | 1.925 | <0.001 |
I feel comfortable taking several breaks during working hours to pump breast milk | 2.19 | 1.488 | 3.37 | 2.103 | 2.93 | 1.960 | 3.58 | 2.283 | 0.035 |
I have supportive coworkers who cover for me when I need to pump my milk | 3.30 | 2.080 | 3.68 | 2.244 | 3.52 | 2.276 | 3.96 | 2.218 | 0.745 |
I would feel comfortable asking for accommodation to help me breastfeed or pump breast milk at work | 4.73 | 2.117 | 4.38 | 2.104 | 4.22 | 1.928 | 4.96 | 1.661 | 0.431 |
Environmental Support dimension | 3.64 | 1.058 | 3.90 | 1.104 | 4.07 | 1.242 | 4.38 | 1.562 | 0.186 |
Breastfeeding is common in my workplace | 1.92 | 1.498 | 2.12 | 1.654 | 2.81 | 1.570 | 3.81 | 1.877 | <0.001 |
My coworkers agree that breastfeeding is better for baby’s health than formula feeding | 4.62 | 1.754 | 4.71 | 1.711 | 4.41 | 1.693 | 4.85 | 1.713 | 0.850 |
My supervisor says things that make me think he/she supports breastfeeding | 3.81 | 1.777 | 4.15 | 1.779 | 4.15 | 1.834 | 4.46 | 1.860 | 0.598 |
My coworkers do not make fun of me when I sometimes leak milk through my clothes | 5.03 | 1.907 | 5.22 | 1.964 | 4.93 | 2.093 | 4.58 | 1.943 | 0.471 |
I can easily find a quiet place other than the bathroom at work to pump breast milk | 2.08 | 1.422 | 3.03 | 2.236 | 3.15 | 1.994 | 3.88 | 2.321 | 0.021 |
My coworkers listen to me talk about my breastfeeding experience | 4.38 | 1.861 | 4.15 | 1.770 | 4.96 | 1.698 | 4.69 | 1.955 | 0.291 |
Technical Support dimension | 1.90 | 1.097 | 2.45 | 1.249 | 3.07 | 1.492 | 3.41 | 1.804 | <0.001 |
My workplace has a refrigerator that I can use to store my milk | 2.73 | 2.329 | 3.20 | 2.611 | 3.44 | 2.309 | 3.73 | 2.342 | 0.342 |
My workplace has a breast pump for nursing mothers to use | 1.30 | 0.777 | 1.12 | 0.545 | 1.81 | 1.331 | 1.77 | 1.751 | 0.016 |
My workplace has an on-site day care | 1.68 | 1.564 | 3.02 | 2.631 | 3.96 | 2.410 | 4.73 | 2.539 | <0.001 |
Workplace Policy dimension | 3.55 | 1.240 | 3.58 | 1.171 | 3.23 | 1.025 | 3.85 | 1.219 | 0.298 |
My job could be at risk (e.g., lose my job or get fewer scheduled hours) if I breastfed or pumped breast milk at work | 3.24 | 2.253 | 2.28 | 1.908 | 1.52 | 1.087 | 2.73 | 2.255 | 0.012 |
I would have enough maternity leave (paid and/or unpaid time off) to get breastfeeding started before going back to work | 4.41 | 2.339 | 4.77 | 2.303 | 3.70 | 2.334 | 4.38 | 2.531 | 0.305 |
I am certain my company has written policies for employees that are breastfeeding or pumping breast milk | 3.00 | 1.886 | 3.71 | 1.910 | 4.48 | 2.101 | 4.42 | 1.901 | 0.007 |
Estimation | Wald | Sig. | 95%CI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inferior | Superior | ||||
Duration of breastfeeding | |||||
Less than 6 months | −1.184 | 4.786 | 0.029 | −2.245 | −0.123 |
1–2 years | −0.348 | 0.422 | 0.516 | −1.399 | 0.703 |
More than 2 years | 0.692 | 1.647 | 0.199 | −0.365 | 1.748 |
University | |||||
Universidad de Sevilla | −0.426 | 5.016 | 0.025 | −0.799 | −0.053 |
Universitat Jaume I | 0 1 | ||||
Have a partner | |||||
Yes | −1.043 | 0.405 | 0.01 | −1.836 | −0.25 |
No | 0 1 | ||||
Attended antenatal classes | |||||
Yes | 0.595 | 5.219 | 0.022 | 0.085 | 1.105 |
No | 0 1 | ||||
Breastfeeding information | |||||
Yes | −0.788 | 5.432 | 0.02 | −1.45 | −0.125 |
No | 0 1 | ||||
Maternity leave time | |||||
Less than 16 weeks | −0.321 | 3.688 | 0.055 | −0.649 | 0.007 |
More than 16 weeks | 0 1 | ||||
Attended a breastfeeding support group | |||||
Yes | 0.532 | 5.91 | 0.015 | 0.103 | 0.96 |
No | 0 1 | ||||
Continued breastfeeding when back at work | |||||
Yes | 1.93 | 98.846 | <0.001 | 1.549 | 2.31 |
No | 0 1 |
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Cervera-Gasch, Á.; Mena-Tudela, D.; Leon-Larios, F.; Felip-Galvan, N.; Rochdi-Lahniche, S.; Andreu-Pejó, L.; González-Chordá, V.M. Female Employees’ Perception of Breastfeeding Support in the Workplace, Public Universities in Spain: A Multicentric Comparative Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6402. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176402
Cervera-Gasch Á, Mena-Tudela D, Leon-Larios F, Felip-Galvan N, Rochdi-Lahniche S, Andreu-Pejó L, González-Chordá VM. Female Employees’ Perception of Breastfeeding Support in the Workplace, Public Universities in Spain: A Multicentric Comparative Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6402. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176402
Chicago/Turabian StyleCervera-Gasch, Águeda, Desirée Mena-Tudela, Fatima Leon-Larios, Neus Felip-Galvan, Soukaina Rochdi-Lahniche, Laura Andreu-Pejó, and Víctor Manuel González-Chordá. 2020. "Female Employees’ Perception of Breastfeeding Support in the Workplace, Public Universities in Spain: A Multicentric Comparative Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6402. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176402
APA StyleCervera-Gasch, Á., Mena-Tudela, D., Leon-Larios, F., Felip-Galvan, N., Rochdi-Lahniche, S., Andreu-Pejó, L., & González-Chordá, V. M. (2020). Female Employees’ Perception of Breastfeeding Support in the Workplace, Public Universities in Spain: A Multicentric Comparative Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(17), 6402. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176402