Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss Associated with Nutritional Anemia: A Nested Case–Control Study Using a National Health Screening Cohort
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Participant Selection
2.3. Definition of Nutritional Anemia (Exposure)
2.4. Hemoglobin Concentration (Exposure)
2.5. Definition of Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss (Outcome)
2.6. Covariates
2.7. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Total Participants | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
SSNHL | Control | p-Value | ||
Age (years old, n, %) | 1.000 | |||
40–44 | 159 (1.7) | 636 (1.7) | ||
45–49 | 867 (9.2) | 3468 (9.2) | ||
50–54 | 1832 (19.5) | 7328 (19.5) | ||
55–59 | 1954 (20.8) | 7816 (20.8) | ||
60–64 | 1616 (17.2) | 6464 (17.2) | ||
65–69 | 1279 (13.6) | 5116 (13.6) | ||
70–74 | 952 (10.1) | 3808 (10.1) | ||
75–79 | 522 (5.6) | 2088 (5.6) | ||
80–84 | 182 (1.9) | 728 (1.9) | ||
85+ | 30 (0.3) | 120 (0.3) | ||
Sex (n, %) | 1.000 | |||
Male | 4857 (51.7) | 19,428 (51.7) | ||
Female | 4536 (48.3) | 18,144 (48.3) | ||
Income (n, %) | 1.000 | |||
1 (lowest) | 1330 (14.2) | 5320 (14.2) | ||
2 | 1118 (11.9) | 4472 (11.9) | ||
3 | 1415 (15.1) | 5660 (15.1) | ||
4 | 1997 (21.3) | 7988 (21.3) | ||
5 (highest) | 3533 (37.6) | 14,132 (37.6) | ||
Region of residence (n, %) | 1.000 | |||
Urban | 4134 (44.0) | 16,536 (44.0) | ||
Rural | 5259 (56.0) | 21,036 (56.0) | ||
Obesity ‡ (n, %) | 0.001 * | |||
Underweight | 166 (1.8) | 866 (2.3) | ||
Normal | 3209 (34.2) | 12,979 (34.5) | ||
Overweight | 2680 (28.5) | 10,595 (28.2) | ||
Obese I | 3096 (33.0) | 11,993 (31.9) | ||
Obese II | 242 (2.6) | 1139 (3.0) | ||
Smoking status (n, %) | ||||
Nonsmoker | 6770 (72.1) | 26,173 (69.7) | <0.001 * | |
Past smoker | 1335 (14.2) | 5013 (13.3) | ||
Current smoker | 1288 (13.7) | 6386 (17.0) | ||
Alcohol consumption (n, %) | ||||
<1 time a week | 6197 (66.0) | 24,420 (65.0) | 0.074 | |
≥1 time a week | 3196 (34.0) | 13,152 (35.0) | ||
Systolic blood pressure (n, %) | ||||
<120 mmHg | 3022 (32.2) | 11,767 (31.3) | 0.114 | |
120–139 mmHg | 4582 (48.8) | 18,339 (48.8) | ||
≥140 mmHg | 1789 (19.1) | 7466 (19.9) | ||
Diastolic blood pressure (n, %) | 0.002 * | |||
<80 mmHg | 4620 (49.2) | 17,736 (47.2) | ||
80–89 mmHg | 3297 (35.1) | 13,604 (36.2) | ||
≥90 mmHg | 1476 (15.7) | 6232 (16.6) | ||
Fasting blood glucose (n, %) | 0.759 | |||
<100 mg/dL | 5832 (62.1) | 23,438 (62.4) | ||
100–125 mg/dL | 2688 (28.6) | 10,609 (28.2) | ||
≥126 mg/dL | 873 (9.3) | 3525 (9.4) | ||
Total cholesterol (n, %) | 0.158 | |||
<200 mg/dL | 5042 (53.7) | 19,863 (52.9) | ||
200–239 mg/dL | 3140 (33.4) | 12,603 (33.5) | ||
≥240 mg/dL | 1211 (12.9) | 5106 (13.6) | ||
CCI score (mean, SD) | 0.56 (1.1) | 0.41 (0.9) | <0.001 † | |
Hemoglobin (mean, SD) | 13.5 (1.4) | 13.8 (1.5) | <0.001 † | |
Nutritional anemia (n, %) | 449 (4.8) | 1494 (4.0) | <0.001 * |
Characteristics | Odds Ratios for SSNHL | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude † | p-Value | Model 1 †,‡ | p-Value | Model 2 †,§ | p-Value | ||
Total participants (n = 45,965) | |||||||
Hemoglobin | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 0.871 | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 0.235 | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | 0.106 | |
Nutritional anemia | 1.22 (1.09–1.36) | <0.001 * | 1.19 (1.06–1.32) | 0.002 * | 1.20 (1.08–1.34) | 0.001 * | |
Age < 60 years old, men (n = 12,655) | |||||||
Hemoglobin | 0.96 (0.92–1.00) | 0.034 * | 0.97 (0.93–1.01) | 0.154 | 0.98 (0.94–1.02) | 0.286 | |
Nutritional anemia | 1.70 (1.23–2.35) | 0.001 * | 1.59 (1.14–2.20) | 0.006 * | 1.55 (1.11–2.15) | 0.010 * | |
Age < 60 years old, women (n = 11,405) | |||||||
Hemoglobin | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) | 0.163 | 1.04 (1.00–1.08) | 0.085 | 1.05 (1.00–1.09) | 0.039 * | |
Nutritional anemia | 1.20 (1.01–1.42) | 0.042 * | 1.18 (0.99–1.40) | 0.062 | 1.22 (1.02–1.45) | 0.028 * | |
Age ≥ 60 years old, men (n = 11,630) | |||||||
Hemoglobin | 1.00 (0.97–1.04) | 0.981 | 1.01 (0.97–1.05) | 0.688 | 1.01 (0.98–1.05) | 0.510 | |
Nutritional anemia | 1.28 (1.01–1.62) | 0.042 * | 1.24 (0.98–1.58) | 0.077 | 1.26 (0.99–1.60) | 0.065 | |
Age ≥ 60 years old, women (n = 11,275) | |||||||
Hemoglobin | 1.03 (0.98–1.07) | 0.232 | 1.04 (0.99–1.08) | 0.105 | 1.04 (0.99–1.09) | 0.093 | |
Nutritional anemia | 1.06 (0.86–1.30) | 0.578 | 1.05 (0.85–1.29) | 0.689 | 1.07 (0.87–1.32) | 0.538 |
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Kim, S.Y.; Wee, J.H.; Min, C.; Yoo, D.-M.; Choi, H.G. Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss Associated with Nutritional Anemia: A Nested Case–Control Study Using a National Health Screening Cohort. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6478. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186478
Kim SY, Wee JH, Min C, Yoo D-M, Choi HG. Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss Associated with Nutritional Anemia: A Nested Case–Control Study Using a National Health Screening Cohort. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(18):6478. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186478
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, So Young, Jee Hye Wee, Chanyang Min, Dae-Myoung Yoo, and Hyo Geun Choi. 2020. "Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss Associated with Nutritional Anemia: A Nested Case–Control Study Using a National Health Screening Cohort" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18: 6478. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186478