A Design Strategy for Energy-Efficient Rural Houses in Severe Cold Regions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Current Status of Rural Residential Energy Consumption in Severe Cold Regions
1.2. Existing Energy-Saving Design Method for Rural Houses in Severe Cold Regions
2. Design Strategy for Rural Houses in Severe Cold Regions
2.1. Spatial Layout
2.2. Building Type
2.3. Enclosure System
2.3.1. Walls
2.3.2. Windows
2.3.3. Roof
2.4. Heating System
2.4.1. Water Heating System Combined with the Traditional Kang and Firewall
2.4.2. Phase Change Heat Storage Device
3. Performance Comparison Test and Simulation Analysis of the Demonstration House
3.1. Demonstration House and Comparative House
3.2. Test Methods
3.3. Test Results
3.3.1. Room Temperature
3.3.2. Heat Transfer Coefficient of the Building Envelope
3.3.3. Building Energy Consumption
3.4. Simulation of the Annual Heating Energy Consumption of Model Buildings and a Comparison with Measured Data
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Item | Sub-Item | House 1 | House 2 | House 3 | House 4 | House 5 | House 6 | House 7 | House 8 | House 9 | House 10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Homeowner age | 33 | 59 | 37 | 40 | 57 | 67 | 67 | 55 | 43 | 57 | |
Family members | 6 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | |
Residents | 6 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 4 | |
Annual income | 50,000 | 25,000 | 15,000 | 20,000 | 10,000 | 10,000 | 7000 | 10,000 | 15,000 | 20,000 | |
Generations | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | |
Energy cost | 2600 | 2500 | 2000 | 3000 | 6000 | 2000 | 1500 | 3000 | 3000 | 1000 | |
Structure type | Brick | Brick | Brick | Brick | Brick | Brick | Brick | Brick | Brick | Brick | |
Year | 2008 | 1994 | 2008 | 1980 | 1996 | 1989 | 1996 | 1995 | 1992 | 1994 | |
Cost | 100 K | 25 K | 60 K | 60 K | 6 K | 30 K | 40 K | 60 K | 50 K | 24 K | |
Floor | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Indoor height | 2.7 m | 2.7 m | 2.5 m | 2.7 m | 2.6 m | 2.6 m | 4 m | 2.5 m | 2.5 | 2.5 m | |
Roof height | 1.8 m | 1.5 m | 4 m | 4 m | 1.25 m | 4 m | 4 m | ||||
Total height | 5 m | 4 m | 5 m | 4 m | 5 m | 4 m | 4.5 m | 4 m | 4.5 m | 4.5 m | |
Building length | 14 m | 20 m | 13 m | 8.6 m | 13.5 m | 8.6 m | 14 m | 15.8 m | 14 m | ||
Building depth | 7.6 m | 8 m | 8.3 m | 7.5 m | 8.5 m | 7.8 m | 8.25 m | 8.5 m | 8 m | ||
Main bedroom | Area | 18.4 | 24 | 9.43 | 30.4 | 8.37 | 12.4 | 19 | 20 | 15.48 | 26.8 |
Length | 4.8 | 4 | 4.1 | 7.6 | 2.7 | 3.1 | 5 | 5 | 4.3 | 6.7 | |
Depth | 4 | 6 | 3.3 | 4 | 3.1 | 4 | 3.8 | 4 | 3.6 | 4 | |
Second bedroom | Area | 16.72 | 12.8 | 8.64 | 22 | 12.8 | 7.2 | 7.5 | 7.8 | 8.6 | |
Length | 2.2 | 3.2 | 3.6 | 5.8 | 3.2 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 3.2 | ||
Depth | 7.6 | 4 | 2.4 | 3.1 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 2.7 | ||
Living room | √ | √ | |||||||||
Dining room | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||
Restroom | |||||||||||
Storage | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||
Balcony | √ | ||||||||||
Fuel type | Summer | None | Wood | None | None | None | None | None | None | None | Wood |
Winter | Coal | Wood | Coal | Coal | Coal | Coal | Wood | Wood | Wood | Wood | |
Other fuel | CNG | CNG | CNG | CNG | Straw | CNG | CNG | CNG | CNG |
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Type of Wall | Layers (from Internal to External) | d mm | Thermal Transmittance W/(m2 K) | Advantages | Disadvantages |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Internal Insulation | Lime and cement plaster 10 mm EPS board 100 mm Brick 240 mm Lime and cement plaster 10 mm | 320 | 0.72 | Indoor temperature is easy to adjust | Poor heat storage, condensation can occur |
Middle Insulation | Lime and cement plaster 10 mm Brick 120 mm Lime and cement plaster 10 mm EPS board 100 mm Lime and cement plaster 10 mm Brick 120 mm Lime and cement plaster 10 mm | 340 | 0.86 | Good protection of the thermal insulation layer; good heat storage performance | High cost |
External Insulation | Lime and cement plaster 10 mm Brick 240 mm EPS board 100 mm Lime and cement plaster 10 mm | 320 | 0.72 | Good heat storage and low cost | Lack of protection for building insulation |
Type of Window | Advantages | Heat Transfer Coefficient W/(m2 K) | Cost Per sq m RMB |
---|---|---|---|
Energy-savings plastic steel window | Low cost and middle level of thermal insulation | 2.0–3.4 | 180–300 |
Aluminum window | High strength and various opening methods | 2.2–6.4 | 120–220 |
Broken bridge aluminum window | Good thermal insulation performance, lightweight and high strength | 1.8–2.2 | 400–600 |
Aluminum-clad wood window | Thermal insulation, durable | 0.8–1.5 | 1000–2500 |
Item | Demonstration House | Comparative House |
---|---|---|
Photo | ||
Year of completion | 2015 | 2008 |
Floor area | 101.48 m2 | 60 m2 |
Exterior wall structure | 100 cm thick polystyrene board + 200 cm thick hollow concrete block wall | 50 cm thick brick wall |
Exterior windows | Three-layer glass-plastic steel windows | Aluminum window |
Roof structure | Concrete board + 10 cm layer of volcanic ash + wooden roof frame + steel plate with 40 cm thick EPS boards | Wooden structure |
Heating method | Water heating system + hanging Kang + phase change firewall | Water heating system + Kang + firewall |
Heating fuel | Coal + wood | Coal + wood |
Device Model/Name | Usage | Location |
---|---|---|
Small outdoor weather station | Outdoor weather parameters | Outdoors in a non-shaded area |
Bes temperature probe | Room and wall temperature | Indoors at the center of the room |
Heat flow meter | Heat flux | Inside the building on the exterior wall and the interior wall |
T-scale electronic scale | Coal/biomass weight | |
FLUKE infrared thermal imager FLK-TiS60 | Temperature |
Demonstration House | Comparative House | Standard Limit | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wall | Roof | Wall | Roof | Wall | Roof |
0.33 | 0.32 | 0.73 | 0.69 | 0.5 | 0.45 |
Material | Concrete | Polystyrene Board | Steel |
---|---|---|---|
Thermal conductivity (W/m.K) | 1.740 | 0.030 | 58.200 |
Specific heat capacity (J/kg.K) | 920.0000 | 5346.4000 | 480.0000 |
Dry density (kg/m3) | 2500.00 | 25.00 | 7850.00 |
Time | Bedroom | Living Room, Kitchen, Rest Room | Foyer, Sunroom |
---|---|---|---|
6:00 to 21:00 | 18 °C | 18 °C | No control |
21:00 to 6:00 | No control | No control | No control |
Project | Mohe | Keshan | Shenyang |
---|---|---|---|
Demonstration House | 146.6 | 116.1 | 67.9 |
Comparative House | 470.2 | 355.2 | 201.0 |
Energy savings rate (%) | 68.8 | 67.3 | 66.2 |
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Pan, W.; Mei, H. A Design Strategy for Energy-Efficient Rural Houses in Severe Cold Regions. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6481. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186481
Pan W, Mei H. A Design Strategy for Energy-Efficient Rural Houses in Severe Cold Regions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(18):6481. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186481
Chicago/Turabian StylePan, Wente, and Hongyuan Mei. 2020. "A Design Strategy for Energy-Efficient Rural Houses in Severe Cold Regions" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18: 6481. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186481