Sleep Duration and Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI) Associated with Obesity and Type II Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) among Taiwanese Middle-Aged Public Servants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Measurements
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Items | Sleep Hours ≤ 6 h (N = 4821) n (%) | Sleep Hours ≥ 7 h (N = 5974) n (%) | p |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | <0.0001 | ||
Men | 2073 (43.0) | 2795 (46.8) | |
Women | 2748 (57.0) | 3179 (53.2) | |
Age (years) | 0.3653 | ||
40–49 | 2816 (58.4) | 3541 (59.3) | |
50–60 | 2005 (41.6) | 2433 (40.7) | |
Education level | 0.0064 | ||
Senior high school | 277 (5.8) | 408 (6.8) | |
College | 1144 (23.7) | 1278 (21.4) | |
Undergraduate | 2132 (44.2) | 2664 (44.6) | |
Graduate | 1268 (26.3) | 1624 (27.2) | |
Marital status | 0.6221 | ||
Unmarried | 748 (15.5) | 928 (15.5) | |
Married | 3995 (82.9) | 4963 (83.1) | |
Other | 78 (1.6) | 83 (1.4) | |
Smoking | 0.617 | ||
No | 3980 (82.6) | 4956 (83) | |
Yes | 841 (17.4) | 1018 (17) | |
Alcohol consumption | 0.9802 | ||
No | 4173 (86.6) | 5172 (86.6) | |
Yes | 648 (13.4) | 802 (13.4) | |
Betel nut chewing | 0.1307 | ||
No | 4537 (94.1) | 5662 (94.8) | |
Yes | 284 (5.9) | 312 (5.2) |
Items | Workday | Weekend/Vacation | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Sleep Hours <6 h (N = 5244) n (%) | Sleep Hours >7 h (N = 6603) n (%) | Sleep Hours <6 h (N = 1807) n (%) | Sleep Hours >7 h (N = 9989) n (%) | |
Obesity | ||||
No | 4312 (82.2%) | 5611 (85.6%) | 1483 (82.1%) | 8440 (84.5%) |
Yes | 932 (17.8%) | 941 (14.4%) | 324 (17.9%) | 1549 (15.5%) |
Overweight | ||||
No | 2848 (54.3%) | 3723 (56.8%) | 950 (52.6%) | 5621 (56.3%) |
Yes | 2396 (45.7%) | 2829 (43.2%) | 857 (47.4%) | 4368 (43.7%) |
BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
≤18.4 | 207 (3.9%) | 209 (3.2%) | 68 (3.8%) | 348 (3.5%) |
18.5–24 | 2641 (50.4%) | 3514 (53.6%) | 882 (48.8%) | 5273 (52.8%) |
24–27 | 1464 (27.9%) | 1888 (28.8%) | 533 (29.5%) | 2819 (28.2%) |
27–30 | 612 (11.7%) | 680 (10.4%) | 215 (11.9%) | 1077 (10.8%) |
30–35 | 244 (4.7%) | 200 (3.1%) | 79 (4.4%) | 365 (3.7%) |
≥35 | 76 (1.4%) | 61 (0.9%) | 30 (1.7%) | 107 (1.1%) |
ERI | ||||
≤1 | 2355 (44.9%) | 3815 (58.3%) | 854 (47.4%) | 5316 (53.2%) |
>1 | 2887 (55.1%) | 2728 (41.7%) | 947 (52.6%) | 4668 (46.8%) |
Items | T2DM n (%) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Sleep hours in workday | |||
≥7 | 192 (2.9) | 1 | 1 |
≤6 | 232 (4.2) | 1.48 ** (1.21–1.80) | 1.52 ** (1.25–1.86) |
Sleep hours in weekend/vacation | |||
≥7 | 332 (3.3) | 1 | 1 |
≤6 | 83 (4.6) | 1.40 ** (1.10–1.80) | 1.23 (0.96–1.58) |
Types of sleep duration | |||
1 | 186 (2.9) | 1 | 1 |
2 | 6 (4.9) | 1.75 (0.76–4.23) | 1.19 (0.43–3.27) |
3 | 146 (4.1) | 1.44 ** (1.15–1.80) | 1.54 ** (1.24–1.94) |
4 | 77 (4.5) | 1.61 ** (1.23–2.11) | 1.48 ** (1.12–1.94) |
Items | Obesity | Non-Obesity |
---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Sleep hours on workdays | ||
≥7 | 1 | 1 |
≤6 | 1.48 ** (1.15–1.92) | 1.39 * (1.01–1.92) |
Sleep hours on weekends/vacations | ||
≥7 | 1 | 1 |
≤6 | 1.20 (0.86–1.67) | 1.15 (0.77–1.72) |
Types of sleep duration | ||
1 | 1 | 1 |
2 | 1.03 (0.25–4.23) | 1.36 (0.30–6.23) |
3 | 1.52 ** (1.14–2.02) | 1.44 ** (1.00–2.07) |
4 | 1.43 * (1.00–2.04) | 1.33 (0.86–2.07) |
Items | Sleep Hours ≤6 h (N = 5272) | Sleep Hours ≥7 h (N = 6603) | Total |
---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Obesity (No = ref.) | 3.74 ** | 3.62 ** | 3.76 ** |
(2.81–4.97) | (2.66–4.93) | (3.05–4.63) | |
Overweight (No = ref.) | 3.16 ** | 2.94 ** | 3.10 ** |
(2.31–4.32) | (2.11–4.10) | (2.47–3.90) | |
BMI (≤18.4 kg/m2 = ref.) | |||
18.5–24 | 1.04 | 1.49 | 1.17 |
(0.37–2.90) | (0.36–6.18) | (0.51–2.68) | |
24–27 | 2.10 | 2.87 | 2.33 * |
(0.75–5.89) | (0.69–11.97) | (1.01–5.37) | |
27–30 | 5.68 ** | 7.16 ** | 6.12 ** |
(2.12–15.98) | (1.62–30.01) | (2.65–14.14) | |
30–35 | 4.64 ** | 7.27 ** | 5.59 ** |
(1.54–13.97) | (1.62–32.69) | (2.30–13.54) | |
>35 | 5.49 ** | 9.48 ** | 7.02 ** |
(1.59–19.01) | (1.84–48.77) | (2.63–18.81) |
Items | ERI ≤ 1 (N = 6170) | ERI > 1 (N = 5615) | Total |
---|---|---|---|
OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | |
Obesity (No = ref.) | 4.34 ** | 3.19 ** | 3.76 ** |
(3.24–5.82) | (2.36–4.30) | (3.05–4.63) | |
Overweight (No = ref.) | 2.86 ** | 3.33 ** | 3.10 ** |
(2.08–3.92) | (2.39–4.63) | (2.47–3.90) | |
BMI (≤18.4 kg/m2 = ref.) | |||
18.5–24 | 0.63 | 3.89 | 1.17 |
(0.25–1.60) | (0.53–28.31) | (0.51–2.68) | |
24–27 | 1.04 | 9.04 * | 2.33 * |
(0.41–2.68) | (1.24–65.81) | (1.01–5.37) | |
27–30 | 3.45 ** | 19.05 ** | 6.12 ** |
(1.35–8.85) | (2.60–139.6) | (2.65–14.14) | |
30–35 | 4.04 ** | 12.90 * | 5.59 ** |
(1.47–11.11) | (1.67–99.9) | (2.30–13.54) | |
≥35 | 2.10 | 34.37 ** | 7.02 ** |
(0.54–8.15) | (4.28–427.2) | (2.63–18.81) |
ERI | Sleep Duration | Overweight | Obesity | T2DM in Obese Group | T2DM in Non-Obese Group |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | ||
≤1 | ≥7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
>1 | ≥7 | 1.06 | 1.02 | 1.70 ** | 1.33 |
(0.95–1.18) | (0.88–1.17) | (1.17–2.48) | (0.82–2.14) | ||
≤1 | ≤6 | 1.08 | 1.28 ** | 1.78 ** | 1.79 ** |
(0.95–1.20) | (1.11–1.48) | (1.22–2.58) | (1.16–2.78) | ||
>1 | ≤6 | 1.33 ** | 1.39 ** | 1.97 ** | 1.37 |
(1.20–1.48) | (1.22–1.59) | (1.37–2.83) | (0.88–2.15) | ||
Synergy index | 2.36 | 1.30 | 0.66 | 0.33 |
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Shih, D.-P.; Lin, P.-Y.; Liang, W.-M.; Tseng, P.-c.; Kuo, H.-W.; Wang, J.-Y. Sleep Duration and Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI) Associated with Obesity and Type II Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) among Taiwanese Middle-Aged Public Servants. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6577. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186577
Shih D-P, Lin P-Y, Liang W-M, Tseng P-c, Kuo H-W, Wang J-Y. Sleep Duration and Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI) Associated with Obesity and Type II Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) among Taiwanese Middle-Aged Public Servants. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(18):6577. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186577
Chicago/Turabian StyleShih, Dann-Pyng, Ping-Yi Lin, Wen-Miin Liang, Po-chang Tseng, Hsien-Wen Kuo, and Jong-Yi Wang. 2020. "Sleep Duration and Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI) Associated with Obesity and Type II Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) among Taiwanese Middle-Aged Public Servants" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18: 6577. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186577