Children with Obesity Experience Different Age-Related Changes in Plantar Pressure Distributions: A Follow-Up Study in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Experimental Procedures
2.3. Data Processing
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Age-Related Changes in Plantar Pressure Distributions
3.2. Age-Related Plantar Pressure Deviations in Obese Children
3.3. Age-Related Loading Transferences in Obese Children
4. Discussion
Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Baseline | Follow-Up | p | Mean Difference | 95% Confidence Interval | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Obese Group | |||||
Number (n) | 10 | 10 | |||
Age (years) | 8 | 11 | |||
Height (cm) | 136.3 ± 4 | 160.1 ± 5.8 | 0 | 23.8 | −28.5 to −19.1 |
Body mass (kg) | 43.4 ± 5.4 | 70.3 ± 6 | 0 | 26.9 | −32.3 to −21.5 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.3 ± 2.2 | 27.5 ± 2.2 | 0 | 4.14 | −6.2 to −2.1 |
Control Group | |||||
Number (n) | 11 | 11 | |||
Age (years) | 8 | 11 | |||
Height (cm) | 126.9 ± 4.7 | 149.7 ± 5.8 | 0 | 22.82 | −27.5 to 18.1 |
Body mass (kg) | 25.7 ± 3.7 | 39.1 ± 6.9 | 0 | 13.37 | −18.4 to −8.5 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 15.9 ± 1.3 | 17.3 ± 2.2 | 0.081 | 1.44 | −3.1 to 0.2 |
Follow-Up vs. Baseline in Obese Group | Follow-Up vs. Baseline in Control Group | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Follow-Up | Baseline | MD (95% CI), ES | Follow-Up | Baseline | MD (95% CI), ES | |
PP (kPa) | ||||||
T1 | 126.7 (48.3) a | 57.4 (20.3) | 69.3 (34.5 to 104.1), 1.87 | 96.7 (33.7) b | 37.4 (11.8) | 59.3 (34.3 to 84.4), 2.40 |
T2–5 | 54.7 (24.6) a | 13.5 (6.5) | 41.1 (23.3 to 59.1), 2.42 | 45.6 (19.2) b | 10.9 (3.2) | 34.7 (21 to 48.3), 2.40 |
M1 | 88.3 (36.2) a | 41.2 (10.6) | 47.1 (20.6 to 73.5), 1.81 | 85.8 (17.7) b | 33.3 (12.1) | 52.5 (38.7 to 66.2), 3.49 |
M2 | 214.6 (91.2) a | 91.1 (22.2) | 123.5 (52.6 to 194.4), 1.86 | 129.3 (30.5) b | 67.8 (16.6) | 61.5 (39.4 to 83.7), 2.55 |
M3 | 230.1 (98.8) a | 102.7 (17) | 127.4 (56.3 to 198.5), 1.84 | 112.6 (49) b | 77.6 (15.6) | 35 (2.6 to 67.3), 0.96 |
M4 | 264.7 (137.2) a | 94.2 (28.4) | 170.5 (71.4 to 269.5), 1.72 | 85.7 (28.2) b | 60.4 (9.9) | 25.3 (6.5 to 44.1), 1.20 |
M5 | 351.2 (223.4) a | 49.4 (19.6) | 301.8 (141.7 to 461.8), 1.90 | 66.1 (19.8) b | 25.6 (6.9) | 40.6 (27.4 to 53.8), 2.73 |
MF | 68.6 (29.8) a | 37.5 (8.5) | 31.1 (9.4 to 52.8), 1.42 | 35.1 (12.4) b | 16.7(4.4) | 18.4 (9.7 to 27.1), 2.01 |
HM | 191 (71.5) a | 84.9 (12.1) | 106.1 (54.7 to 157.6), 2.07 | 169.7 (63.6) b | 71.5 (15.8) | 98.2 (57 to 139.4), 2.12 |
HL | 176.6 (63.2) a | 78.7 (11.3) | 97.8 (52.3 to 143.4), 2.21 | 147.4 (41.4) b | 67.9 (11.3) | 7.9 (51.1 to 107.8), 2.62 |
PTI (kPa·s) | ||||||
T1 | 28.3 (13.7) a | 17.9 (7.3) | 10.4 (0.9 to 20.7), 0.95 | 18 (7.4) | 13.6 (7.9) | 4.4 (−2.7 to 11.6) |
T2–5 | 8.5 (3.6) a | 2.9 (2.7) | 4.6(1.5 to 7.7), 1.43 | 7.4 (4.4) b | 2.6 (0.6) | 4.8 (1.8 to 7.7), 1.61 |
M1 | 30 (16.5) a | 14.6 (4.1) | 15.4 (3.4 to 27.3), 1.31 | 22.9 (4.4) b | 11.7 (1.7) | 11.2 (8 to 14.4), 3.29 |
M2 | 60 (24.2) a | 34.6 (8.8) | 25.4 (8.3 to 42.5), 1.39 | 35.7 (11.1) b | 22.9 (5.8) | 12.8 (4.4 to 21.1), 1.40 |
M3 | 61.7 (25.3) a | 38.3 (7.3) | 23.5 (5 to 41.8), 1.26 | 31.8 (14.1) | 28.4 (3.5) | 3.4 (−6.8 to 13.5) |
M4 | 75.8 (36.5) a | 32 (4.4) | 43.8 (17.6 to 70), 1.73 | 25.6 (11.4) | 21.3 (5.8) | 4.2 (−4.2 to 12.7) |
M5 | 78.3 (54.6) a | 15.6 (5.2) | 62.7 (23.6 to 101.8), 1.62 | 17.4 (8.1) b | 8 (3.6) | 9.4 (3.7 to 15.1), 1.50 |
MF | 20.7 (8.5) a | 11.7 (3.6) | 9 (2.3 to 15.7), 1.36 | 7.1 (3) | 6 (3.2) | 1.1 (−1.7 to 3.8) |
HM | 44 (12.8) a | 23.5 (7.8) | 20.5 (10.6 to 30.5), 1.94 | 32.6 (9.3) b | 22.2 (5.6) | 10.4 (3.5 to 17.3), 1.36 |
HL | 42.4 (12) a | 22.4 (10.2) | 20 (9.6 to 30), 1.81 | 29.1 (8.5) b | 20.9 (4.2) | 8.2 (2.2 to 14.1), 1.22 |
SMaxF (%) | ||||||
T1 | 17 (7.5) | 18.6 (6.7) | −1.6 (−8.3 to 5.1) | 18.4 (7.3) | 21.3 (8.3) | −2.8 (−10 to 4.3) |
T2–5 | 7.4 (5.2) | 7.2 (4.3) | 0.2 (−4.2 to 4.7) | 7.2 (4.1) | 7.6 (3.4) | −0.4 (−3.9 to 3.1) |
M1 | 20.2 (9.1) | 15.8 (1.7) | 4.5 (−2.1 to 11) | 29.8 (9.6) b | 18 (7.4) | 11.8 (4.2 to 19.4), 1.74 |
M2 | 40.2 (19.8) a | 20.1 (4.3) | 20.1 (5.7 to 34.5), 1.48 | 23.6 (2.1) b | 17.2 (0.9) | 6.5 (4.5 to 8.6), 3.73 |
M3 | 28.8 (12.4) | 21.1 (4.7) | 7.6 (−1.2 to 16.4) | 16.8 (7.8) | 19.8 (4.1) | −3 (−8.6 to 2.5) |
M4 | 26.4 (12.1) | 17.9 (4.2) | 8.5 (−0.5 to 17.4) | 11.9 (5.3) | 15.7 (3.5) | −3.8 (−7.8 to 0.2) |
M5 | 29 (21.4) a | 10.6 (4.8) | 18.4 (2.9 to 33.8), 1.19 | 5.7 (1.4) | 8.1 (3) | −2.4 (−4.7 to 0) |
MF | 28.8 (13.3) | 33.6 (9.3) | −4.7 (−15.5 to 6) | 14.6 (9.6) | 17.2 (5.6) | −2.5 (−9.8 to 4.8) |
HM | 39.6 (14.6) | 31.6 (5.2) | 8 (−2.8 to 18.7) | 49 (16.4) b | 35.7 (7.2) | 13.3 (1.7 to 24.9), 1.05 |
HL | 34.1 (13) a | 24 (0.6) | 10.1 (0.9 to 19.4), 1.28 | 39.9 (10.1) b | 30 (5.3) | 9.9 (2.6 to 17.3), 1.23 |
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Zhao, Y.; Zheng, D.; Yan, S.; Liu, M.; Yang, L. Children with Obesity Experience Different Age-Related Changes in Plantar Pressure Distributions: A Follow-Up Study in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6602. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186602
Zhao Y, Zheng D, Yan S, Liu M, Yang L. Children with Obesity Experience Different Age-Related Changes in Plantar Pressure Distributions: A Follow-Up Study in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(18):6602. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186602
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Yihong, Debin Zheng, Shiyang Yan, Mengyuan Liu, and Luming Yang. 2020. "Children with Obesity Experience Different Age-Related Changes in Plantar Pressure Distributions: A Follow-Up Study in China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18: 6602. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186602