Psychological Impact of COVID-19 Confinement and Its Relationship with Meditation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Instruments
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Impact of Confinement on Anxiety, Depression, Posttraumatic Stress, and Self-Compassion
3.2. Between-Group Differences in Anxiety, Depression, Stress, and Self-Compassion by Sociodemographic Variables. Analysis of Each Questionnaire
3.2.1. DASS-21
3.2.2. IES
3.2.3. SCS
3.3. Relationships between the Variables Mentioned (Anxiety, Depression, Stress, Self-Compassion) with the Selected Sociodemographic Variables (Ordinal)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Total | Women | Men |
---|---|---|---|
Age group, n (%) | |||
18–35 | 145 (35.2) | 122 (29.6) | 22 (5.3) |
36–45 | 134 (32.5) | 114 (27.7) | 20 (4.9) |
≥46 | 133 (32.3) | 112 (27.2) | 19 (4.6) |
Nationality, n (%) | |||
Spain | 375 (91) | 317 (76.9) | 55 (13.3) |
Mexico | 12 (2.9) | 10 (2.4) | 2 (0.5) |
Peru | 7 (1.7) | 7 (1.7) | 0 (0) |
Argentina | 3 (0.7) | 3 (0.7) | 0 (0) |
Ecuador | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0) |
Paraguay | 2 (0.2) | 2 (0.5) | 0 (0) |
Rumania | 3 (0.2) | 2 (0.5) | 1 (0.2) |
Italy | 2 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) |
UK | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0) |
Russia | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0) |
Colombia | 2 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) |
Lithuania | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.2) |
Brazil | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0) |
Cuba | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0) |
Marital status, n (%) | |||
Married | 149 (63.7) | 124 (30.2) | 23 (5.6) |
Single | 101 (24.6) | 86 (20.9) | 15 (3.6) |
In a relationship | 60 (14.6) | 55 (13.4) | 5 (1.2 |
Living together | 60 (14.6) | 48 (11.7) | 12 (2.9) |
Separated | 38 (9.2) | 31 (7.5) | 6 (1.5) |
Widowed | 3 (0.7) | 3 (0.7) | 0 (0) |
Occupation, n (%) | |||
Employee | 219 (53.2) | 179 (43.4) | 37 (9) |
Government employee | 75 (18.2) | 66 (16) | 9 (2.2) |
Unemployed | 45 (10.9) | 39 (9.5) | 6 (1.5) |
Student | 31 (7.5) | 27 (6.6) | 4 (1) |
Retired | 17 (4.1) | 15 (3.6) | 2 (0.5) |
Housewife | 14 (3.4) | 13 (3.2) | 1 (0.2) |
Other | 11 (2.7) | 9 (2.2) | 2 (0.5) |
Employment status 1, n (%) | |||
No | 304 (73.8) | 255 (61.9) | 47 (11.4) |
ERTE/ERE | 51 (12.4) | 40 (9.7) | 11 (2.7) |
Forced vacation | 21 (5.1) | 18 (4.4) | 3 (0.7) |
Fired | 18 (4.4) | 18 (4.4) | 0 (0) |
Other | 18 (4.4) | 17 (4.1) | 0 (0) |
Education, n (%) | |||
University | 173 (42) | 145 (35.2) | 26 (6.3) |
Postgraduate | 112 (27.2) | 96 (23.3) | 16 (3.9) |
Professional training | 64 (15.5) | 55 (13.3) | 8 (1.9) |
High school | 31 (7.5) | 22 (5.3) | 9 (2.2) |
Middle school | 22 (5.3) | 21 (5.1) | 1 (0.2) |
Primary | 10 (2.4) | 9 (2.2) | 1 (0.2) |
Current residence, n (%) | |||
Family | 233 (56.6) | 205 (49.8) | 26 (6.3) |
With partner | 113 (27.4) | 88 (21.4) | 24 (5.8) |
Alone | 52 (12.6) | 42 (10.2) | 10 (2.4) |
Shared housing | 13 (3.2) | 12 (2.9) | 1 (0.2) |
Other | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0) |
Current treatment 2, n (%) | |||
None | 304 (73.8) | 254 (61.7) | 48 (11.7) |
Medical | 67 (16.3) | 57 (13.8) | 9 (2.2) |
Psychological | 28 (6.8) | 25 (6.1) | 3 (0.7) |
Psychiatric | 13 (3.2) | 12 (2.9) | 1 (0.2) |
Practice Meditation, n (%) | |||
No | 284 (68.9) | 239 (58) | 44 (10.7) |
Yes | 128 (31.1) | 109 (26.5) | 17 (4.1) |
Type of practice, n (%) | |||
None | 310 (76.7) | 259 (64.1) | 50 (12.4) |
Mindfulness | 71 (17.6) | 64 (15.8) | 7 (1.7) |
Zen | 9 (2.2) | 7 (1.7) | 1 (0.2) |
Transcendental | 8 (2) | 6 (1.5) | 1 (0.2) |
Vipassana | 6 (1.5) | 5 (1.2) | 1 (0.2) |
COVID-19 diagnosis 3, n (%) | |||
No | 404 (98.8) | 342 (83.6) | 59 (14.6) |
Yes | 5 (1.2) | 3 (0.7) | 2 (0.5) |
Quality of cohabitation 4, n (%) | |||
Good | 260 (63.6) | 219 (53.5) | 38 (9.3) |
Very good | 102 (24.9) | 83 (20.3) | 19 (4.6) |
Poor | 43 (10.5) | 39 (9.5) | 4 (1) |
Very poor | 4 (1) | 4 (1) | 0 (0) |
Religious, n (%) | |||
No | 227 (55.1) | 191 (46.4) | 35 (8.5) |
Yes, but not practicing | 146 (35.4) | 128 (31.1) | 17 (4.1) |
Yes, practicing | 39 (9.5) | 29 (7) | 9 (2.2) |
Variables | Stress M (SD) | Anxiety M (SD) | Depression M (SD) | Self-Kindness M (SD) | Common Humanity M (SD) | Mindfulness M (SD) | Intrusion M (SD) | Avoidance M (SD) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age group (n = 412) | ||||||||
<35 (n = 145) | 7.73 (5.20) | 4.48 (4.80) | 5.21 (4.64) | 6.24 (1.70) | 6.23 (1.69) | 6.23 (1.75) | 12.49 (6.78) | 13.60 (7.44) |
36–45 (n = 134) | 6.44 (4.83) | 3.88 (4.41) | 4.48 (4.42) | 6.55 (1.64) | 6.42 (1.49) | 6.74 (1.61) | 12.59 (7.68) | 13.16 (7.93) |
>46 (n = 133) | 5.76 (5.54) | 3.22 (4.20) | 3.79 (4.47) | 6.62 (1.63) | 6.70 (1.58) | 7.14 (1.58) | 12.77 (7.75) | 14.22 (7.52) |
Education (n = 412) | ||||||||
Primary (n = 10) | 6.60 (5.98) | 5.30 (5.43) | 4.80 (4.61) | 5.95 (1.14) | 6.15 (0.74) | 6.10 (1.39) | 17.22 (6.55) | 16.55 (8.48) |
Secondary (n = 22) | 8.18 (5.72) | 6.77 (5.68) | 6.54 (5.20) | 5.61 (1.63) | 5.61 (1.85) | 5.80 (2.10) | 16.18 (7.81) | 14.95 (6.80) |
High School (n = 31) | 6.67 (5.14) | 3.80 (3.81) | 5.35 (4.17) | 6.25 (1.47) | 6.27 (1.72) | 6.45 (1.60) | 12.10 (6.91) | 15.32 (7.97) |
Professional Training (n = 64) | 6.60 (5.62) | 4.45 (5.22) | 4.96 (5.32) | 6.23 (1.68) | 6.24 (1.35) | 6.69 (1.87) | 12.81 (7.61) | 13.58 (8.33) |
University (n = 173) | 6.35 (5.32) | 3.68 (4.38) | 4.08 (4.32) | 6.48 (1.58) | 6.43 (1.49) | 6.77 (1.53) | 13.06 (7.40) | 13.99 (7.63) |
Postgraduate (n = 112) | 6.92 (4.83) | 3.20 (3.87) | 4.27 (4.28) | 6.84 (1.89) | 6.83 (1.79) | 6.86 (1.76) | 10.88 (6.98) | 12.26 (7.06) |
Type of treatment (n = 430) | ||||||||
None (n = 352) | 6.06 (4.84) | 3.24 (3.98) | 3.87 (4.00) | 6.70 (1.56) | 6.59 (1.53) | 6.88 (1.65) | 11.73 (7.08) | 12.88 (7.48) |
Medical (n = 78) | 7.52 (5.83) | 5.26 (5.09) | 5.49 (4.91) | 5.91 (1.63) | 6.44 (1.53) | 6.60 (1.58) | 14.89 (7.84) | 16.01 (8.04) |
Psychiatric (n = 352) | 10.76 (6.71) | 7.15 (6.75) | 7.76 (7.47) | 5.96 (2.26) | 5.23 (1.43) | 5.46 (1.78) | 15.53 (6.62) | 15.07 (6.56) |
Psychological (n = 352) | 9.42 (5.59) | 6.03 (5.37) | 7.64 (5.34) | 5.46 (1.87) | 5.42 (1.98) | 5.35 (1.56) | 15.35 (8.02) | 16.00 (7.18) |
Cohabitation quality (n = 430) | ||||||||
Very good (n = 352) | 4.27 (4.55) | 2.28 (3.60) | 2.43 (3.30) | 8.99 (10.36) | 6.91 (1.64) | 7.30 (1.59) | 9.67 (7.33) | 10.93 (7.33) |
Good (n = 78) | 6.60 (4.72) | 3.73 (4.13) | 4.35 (3.93) | 14.69 (11.60) | 6.51 (1.59) | 6.71 (1.56) | 12.84 (6.99) | 14.07 (7.50) |
Poor (n = 352) | 11.88 (5.08) | 8.02 (5.20) | 9.79 (5.80) | 29.69 (14.69) | 5.18 (1.58) | 5.26 (1.83) | 17.57 (6.91) | 17.21 (7.29) |
Very poor (n = 352) | 15.75 (7.93) | 11.00 (9.34) | 11.75 (5.12) | 38.50 (19.48) | 5.87 (2.39) | 4.62 (0.47) | 18.25 (7.88) | 17.00 (7.07) |
Type of practice (n = 430) | ||||||||
None (n = 352) | 6.72 (5.27) | 4.00 (4.72) | 4.89 (4.74) | 6.28 (1.55) | 6.23 (1.54) | 6.52 (1.69) | 12.70 (7.70) | 13.35 (7.79) |
Mindfulness (n = 78) | 6.05 (4.68) | 3.12 (3.01) | 3.33 (3.69) | 7.09 (1.92) | 7.02 (1.64) | 7.14 (1.56) | 11.64 (6.52) | 13.94 (7.58) |
Zen (n = 352) | 10.22 (8.25) | 7.88 (7.09) | 4.55 (4.82) | 6.94 (1.70) | 6.83 (1.75) | 6.88 (2.23) | 16.88 (6.56) | 17.55 (5.76) |
Vipassana (n = 352) | 10.88 (4.26) | 6.33 (4.27) | 4.66 (4.36) | 5.5 (1.30) | 6.83 (1.03) | 6.33 (0.60) | 11.83 (8.37) | 17.60 (5.54) |
Transcendental (n = 321) | 4.37 (3.50) | 2.25 (1.75) | 2.00 (1.60) | 7.62 (2.18) | 8.00 (1.58) | 8.62 (1.06) | 11.75 (2.96) | 12.62 (3.81) |
− | Age | Education | Mindfulness Frequency | Cohabitation Quality | Stress | Anxiety | Depression | Intrusion | Avoidance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Education | −0.73 | ||||||||
Mindfulness frequency | 0.129 ** | 0.172 ** | |||||||
Cohabitation quality 1 | 0.206 ** | 0.066 | 0.095 | ||||||
Stress | −0.190 ** | 0.010 | −0.007 | −0.385 ** | |||||
Anxiety | −0.145 ** | −0.121 * | −0.018 | −0.346 ** | 0.771 ** | ||||
Depression | −0.175 ** | −0.087 | −0.127 ** | −0.419 ** | 0.786 ** | 0.697 ** | |||
Self-kindness | 0.052 | 0.193 ** | 0.181 ** | 0.237 ** | −0.318 ** | −0.363 ** | −0.422 ** | ||
Common humanity | 0.119 * | 0.165 ** | 0.196 ** | 0.190 ** | −0.306 ** | −0.266 ** | −0.390 ** | ||
Mindfulness | 0.194 ** | 0.116 * | 0.157 ** | 0.297 ** | −0.465 ** | −0.468 ** | −0.552 ** | ||
Intrusion | 0.040 | −0.145 ** | −0.028 | −0.297 ** | 0.626 ** | 0.586 ** | 0.566 ** | ||
Avoidance | 0.012 | −0.117 * | 0.78 | −0.242 ** | 0.476 ** | 0.465 ** | 0.458 ** | 0.711 ** |
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Jiménez, Ó.; Sánchez-Sánchez, L.C.; García-Montes, J.M. Psychological Impact of COVID-19 Confinement and Its Relationship with Meditation. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6642. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186642
Jiménez Ó, Sánchez-Sánchez LC, García-Montes JM. Psychological Impact of COVID-19 Confinement and Its Relationship with Meditation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(18):6642. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186642
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiménez, Óliver, Laura C. Sánchez-Sánchez, and José M. García-Montes. 2020. "Psychological Impact of COVID-19 Confinement and Its Relationship with Meditation" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18: 6642. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186642