Optimization of Cadmium Adsorption by Magnetic Graphene Oxide Using a Fractional Factorial Design
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Material
2.2. Characterization of MGO
2.3. Adsorption Studies
2.4. Optimization of the Adsorption Conditions
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Characterization
3.2. Effect of pH
3.3. Adsorption Kinetics
3.4. Adsorption Isotherms
3.5. Fractional Factorial Design
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Factors | (−) | 0 | (+) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
A | pH | 4 | 6 | 8 |
B | T (°C) | 15 | 30 | 45 |
C | t (min) | 10 | 35 | 60 |
D | Initial concentration of Cd(II) (mg/L) | 10 | 40 | 70 |
E | NaCl (mM) | 10 | 55 | 100 |
Run | Encoding of Variables | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | B | C | D | E | |
1 | −1(4) | 1(45) | −1(10) | 1(70) | 1(100) |
2 | 1(8) | −1(15) | −1(10) | 1(70) | 1(100) |
3 | −1(4) | −1(15) | −1(10) | 1(70) | −1(10) |
4 | 1(8) | 1(45) | −1(10) | −1(10) | 1(100) |
5 | −1(4) | −1(15) | 1(60) | −1(10) | −1(10) |
6 | −1(4) | −1(15) | 1(60) | 1(70) | 1(100) |
7 | 1(8) | 1(45) | −1(10) | 1(70) | −1(10) |
8 | 0(6) | 0(30) | 0(35) | 0(35) | 0(55) |
9 | −1(4) | −1(15) | −1(10) | −1(10) | 1(100) |
10 | 1(8) | 1(45) | 1(60) | 1(70) | 1(100) |
11 | 1(8) | −1(15) | 1(60) | 1(70) | −1(10) |
12 | 1(8) | −1(15) | −1(10) | −1(10) | −1(10) |
13 | −1(4) | 1(45) | 1(60) | 1(70) | −1(10) |
14 | −1(4) | 1(45) | −1(10) | −1(10) | −1(10) |
15 | 1(8) | −1(15) | 1(60) | −1(10) | 1(100) |
16 | 1(8) | 1(45) | 1(60) | −1(10) | −1(10) |
17 | −1(4) | 1(45) | 1(60) | −1(10) | 1(100) |
Kinetic Model | 5 mg/L | 10 mg/L | 20 mg/L | |
---|---|---|---|---|
qe,exp = 8.50 | qe,exp = 11.18 | qe,exp = 15.36 | ||
Pseudo-first-order | k1 (1/min) | 0.293 | 0.339 | 0.294 |
qe,1 (mg/g) | 8.489 | 10.42 | 14.66 | |
R2 | 0.987 | 0.971 | 0.952 | |
Pseudo-second-order | k2 (g/mg min) | 0.083 | 0.077 | 0.038 |
qe,2 (mg/g) | 8.667 | 10.65 | 15.13 | |
h (mg/g min) | 6.235 | 8.734 | 8.699 | |
R2 | 0.991 | 0.986 | 0.982 | |
Elovich model | α (mg/g min) | 3.01 × 1012 | 1.78 × 1011 | 9.61 × 106 |
β (g/mg) | 4.208 | 3.095 | 1.473 | |
R2 | 0.964 | 0.981 | 0.993 |
Model | Parameter | T (°C) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
15 °C | 30 °C | 45 °C | ||
qe,exp = 10.35 | qe,exp = 22.46 | qe,exp = 31.94 | ||
Langmuir | qmax (mg/g) | 16.68 | 28.43 | 31.45 |
KL (L/mg) | 0.019 | 0.45 | 0.233 | |
R2 | 0.971 | 0.931 | 0.830 | |
Freundlich | n | 1.700 | 3.460 | 4.347 |
KF | 0.763 | 2.309 | 11.78 | |
R2 | 0.972 | 0.957 | 0.990 | |
Temkin | aT (L/g) | 0.308 | 0.608 | 5.928 |
bT (kJ/mol) | 0.816 | 0.448 | 0.519 | |
R2 | 0.907 | 0.918 | 0.966 |
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Wang, H.; Zhou, Y.; Hu, X.; Guo, Y.; Cai, X.; Liu, C.; Wang, P.; Liu, Y. Optimization of Cadmium Adsorption by Magnetic Graphene Oxide Using a Fractional Factorial Design. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6648. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186648
Wang H, Zhou Y, Hu X, Guo Y, Cai X, Liu C, Wang P, Liu Y. Optimization of Cadmium Adsorption by Magnetic Graphene Oxide Using a Fractional Factorial Design. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(18):6648. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186648
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Hui, Yiming Zhou, Xinjiang Hu, Yuan Guo, Xiaoxi Cai, Chunjie Liu, Ping Wang, and Yunguo Liu. 2020. "Optimization of Cadmium Adsorption by Magnetic Graphene Oxide Using a Fractional Factorial Design" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18: 6648. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186648