A Review of Psychological Issues among Patients and Healthcare Staff during Two Major Coronavirus Disease Outbreaks in China: Contributory Factors and Management Strategies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology of the Literature Review and Overall Results of the Literature Search
3. Psychological Issues of SARS Patients during the SARS Epidemic
4. Psychological Issues of COVID-19 Patients during the COVID-19 Pandemic
5. Psychological Issues of Healthcare Staff during the SARS Epidemic
6. Psychological Issues of Healthcare Staff during the COVID-19 Pandemic
7. Factors contributing to Psychological Issues among Patients during the Coronavirus Disease Outbreaks
7.1. Perceived Threats to Life
7.2. Being Quarantined
7.3. Uncertainty about Health Status
8. Factors Contributing to Psychological Issues among Healthcare Staff during the Coronavirus Disease Outbreaks
8.1. Heavy Workload
8.2. Concerns about Patients’ Conditions and Feeling Helplessness in Quality Care Provision
8.3. Requirement to Wear Protective Gear
8.4. Being Quarantined
8.5. Fear of Being Infected
8.6. Concerns about Families Being Infected
9. Strategies for addressing Psychological Issues among Patients and Healthcare workers during Coronavirus Disease Outbreaks
9.1. Strategies for Patients
9.2. Strategies for Healthcare Staff
10. Discussion
10.1. Implications for Practice
10.2. Implications for Further Research
10.3. Strengths and Limitations
11. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Madhav, N.; Oppenheim, B.; Gallivan, M.; Mulembakani, P.; Rubin, E.; Wolfe, N. Pandemics: Risks, Impacts, and Mitigation. In Disease Control. Priorities: Improving Health and Reducing Poverty, 3rd ed.; Jamison, D.T., Gelband, H., Horton, S., Eds.; The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank: Washington, DC, USA, 2017; pp. 315–346. [Google Scholar]
- Afolabi, M.O. Public Health Disasters. In Public Health Disasters: A Global Ethical Framework, 1st ed.; Afolabi, M.O., Ed.; Springer International Publishing AG: Cham, Switzerland, 2018; pp. 1–24. [Google Scholar]
- Chatterjee, K.; Chauhan, V.S. Epidemics, quarantine and mental health. Med. J. Armed Forces India 2020, 76, 125–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Levin, J. Mental Health Care for Survivors and Healthcare Workers in the Aftermath of an Outbreak. In Psychiatry of Pandemics, 1st ed.; Huremović, D., Ed.; Springer International Publishing AG: Cham, Switzerland, 2019; pp. 127–141. [Google Scholar]
- Yin, P.; Pan, X.P.; Zhao, Z.W.; Zeng, J.; Zhang, J.H.; Xu, Y.; Deng, H.K.; Yang, F.Y. Study of mental health status of physicians and nurses working at SARS area and the effect of psychological intervention (in Chinese). China J. Health Psychol. 2004, 12, 257–259. [Google Scholar]
- Zhu, Y.P.; Ji, B.J.; Zhou, J.Z. A study on the influencing factors and association between the psychological capital, coping strategies and work performance of nurses (in Chinese). J. Nurses Train. 2019, 34, 1382–1385. [Google Scholar]
- Shen, Z.; Ning, F.; Zhou, W.; He, X.; Lin, C.; Chin, D.P.; Zhu, Z.; Schuchat, A. Superspreading SARS events, Beijing, 2003. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2004, 10, 256–260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Tawfiq, J.A.; Rodriguez-Morales, A.J. Super-spreading events and contribution to transmission of MERS, SARS, and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). J. Hosp. Infect. 2020, 105, 111–112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Summary of Probable SARS Cases with Onset of Illness from 1 November 2002 to 31 July 2003. Available online: https://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/table2004_04_21/en/ (accessed on 28 July 2020).
- Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report-102. Available online: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200501-covid-19-sitrep.pdf?sfvrsn=742f4a18_4 (accessed on 28 July 2020).
- Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report-37. Available online: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200226-sitrep-37-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=2146841e_2 (accessed on 28 July 2020).
- Chua, S.E.; Cheung, V.; McAlonan, G.M.; Cheung, C.; Wong, J.W.; Cheung, E.P.; Chan, M.T.; Wong, T.K.; Choy, K.M.; Chu, C.M.; et al. Stress and psychological impact on SARS patients during the outbreak. Can. J. Psychiatry 2004, 49, 385–390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mak, I.W.; Chu, C.M.; Pan, P.C.; Yiu, M.G.; Chan, V.L. Long-term psychiatric morbidities among SARS survivors. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry 2009, 31, 318–326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, K.K.; Chan, S.K.; Ma, T.M. Posttraumatic stress after SARS. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2005, 11, 1297–1300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wu, K.K.; Chan, S.K.; Ma, T.M. Posttraumatic stress, anxiety, and depression in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). J. Trauma. Stress 2005, 18, 39–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hong, X.; Currier, G.W.; Zhao, X.; Jiang, Y.; Zhou, W.; Wei, J. Posttraumatic stress disorder in convalescent severe acute respiratory syndrome patients: A 4-year follow-up study. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry 2009, 31, 546–554. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cheng, L.; Zheng, L.P.; Yan, S.Y.; Fan, X. Anxiety status and related factors in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (in Chinese). Zhejiang. Med. J. 2020, 42, 315–317. [Google Scholar]
- Guo, Q.; Zheng, Y.; Shi, J.; Wang, J.; Li, G.; Li, C.; Fromson, J.A.; Xu, Y.; Liu, X.; Xu, H.; et al. Immediate psychological distress in quarantined patients with COVID-19 and its association with peripheral inflammation: A mixed-method study. Brain Behav. Immun. 2020, 88, 17–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Xiang, Y.T.; Yang, Y.; Li, W.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, Q.; Cheung, T.; Ng, C.H. Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. Lancet Psychiatry 2020, 7, 228–229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rajkumar, R.P. COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian. J. Psychiatry 2020, 52, 102066. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bo, H.X.; Li, W.; Yang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, Q.; Cheung, T.; Wu, X.; Xiang, Y.T. Posttraumatic stress symptoms and attitude toward crisis mental health services among clinically stable patients with COVID-19 in China. Psychol. Med. 2020, 1–2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. DSM-IV to DSM-5 Changes: Overview. In DSM-5 Changes: Implications for Child Serious Emotional Disturbance; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US), Ed.; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration: Rockville, MD, USA, 2016; pp. 5–8. [Google Scholar]
- Zhou, X.D. A study on the psychological health of the coronavirus disease 2019 patients (in Chinese). Med. Pharm. J. Chin. People’s Lib. Army 2020, 32, 5–7. [Google Scholar]
- Chan, S.S.; Leung, G.M.; Tiwari, A.F.; Salili, F.; Leung, S.S.; Wong, D.C.; Wong, A.S.; Lai, A.S.; Lam, T.H. The impact of work-related risk on nurses during the SARS outbreak in Hong Kong. Fam. Community Health 2005, 28, 274–287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tian, X.Y.; Wang, X.H.; Li, Y.Q.; Shi, J.H.; Song, M.X.; Wang, D.; Chen, Z.; Li, X.W.; Li, X.H.; Zhao, C.H.; et al. The immediate psychological and behavioral response of health workers from SARS treatment specific hospitals. Chin. Gen. Pract. 2003, 6, 595–597. [Google Scholar]
- Su, T.P.; Lien, T.C.; Yang, C.Y.; Su, Y.L.; Wang, J.H.; Tsai, S.L.; Yin, J.C. Prevalence of psychiatric morbidity and psychological adaptation of the nurses in a structured SARS caring unit during outbreak: A prospective and periodic assessment study in Taiwan. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2007, 41, 119–130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, P.; Fang, Y.; Guan, Z.; Fan, B.; Kong, J.; Yao, Z.; Liu, X.; Fuller, C.J.; Susser, E.; Lu, J.; et al. The psychological impact of the SARS epidemic on hospital employees in China: Exposure, risk perception, and altruistic acceptance of risk. Can. J. Psychiatry 2009, 54, 302–311. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, C.H.; Hua, Q.; Yang, S.; Wu, H.; Xu, W.Y.; Tian, J.H.; Chen, H.; Yang, F.C.; Huang, W.; Tang, Z.; et al. Psychological health status of 1806 of medical works in SARS period (in Chinese). J. Cap. Univ. Med. Sci. 2003, 24, 475–477. [Google Scholar]
- Yang, S.; Zhang, L.M.; Hua, Q.; Liu, C.H.; Huang, W.; Yuan, X.Z.; Wei, C.L.; Dan, J.X.; Song, H.Z.; Wang, X.P.; et al. An examination of the psychological status of clinical nurses during the SARS period. Chin. J. Nurs. 2004, 39, 866–868. [Google Scholar]
- Bai, Y.; Lin, C.C.; Lin, C.Y.; Chen, J.Y.; Chue, C.M.; Chou, P. Survey of stress reactions among health care workers involved with the SARS outbreak. Psychiatr. Serv. 2004, 55, 1055–1057. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wan, Y.G.; Huang, W.; Hua, Q.; Yang, S.; Wu, H.; Xu, W.Y.; Tian, J.H.; Ge, K.Y.; Yang, F.C.; Liu, C.H.; et al. Emotional and depressive differences between doctors and nurses fighting against SARS (in Chinese). J. Cap. Univ. Med. Sci. 2003, 24, 478–482. [Google Scholar]
- Guo, J.H. SARS. The depression and anxiety status of nurses in SARS wards (in Chinese). Health Psychol. J. 2003, 11, 439–440. [Google Scholar]
- Yu, X.; Liu, J.C.; Liu, X.H.; Cong, Z.; Meng, F.Q.; Chen, Z.; Tian, J.H.; Yang, X.Q.; Halbreich, U. SCL-90 results of medical staffs treating SARS (in Chinese). Chin. Ment. Health J. 2003, 17, 524–525. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, J.; Wang, Z.Q.; Zhu, Z.H.; Zhu, H.W.; Fu, X.L.; Shang, L.; Zhang, H.M.; Liu, J.H. A follow-up study of mental health status of medical staff after caring for SARS patients (in Chinese). Med. J. Chin. People’s. Lib. Army 2005, 30, 353–355. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, X.H.; Ma, L.; Meng, F.Q.; Wang, X.J.; Liu, J.C.; Chen, Z.; Jia, S.P.; Tian, J.H.; Yang, X.Q.; Halbreich, U. Psychological stress of nurses in SARS wards (in Chinese). Chin. Ment. Health J. 2003, 17, 526–527. [Google Scholar]
- Yang, A.J.; Dong, S.H.; Zhao, M. Psychological health status and coping strategies among medical staff in SARS areas. J. Gen. Hosp. Air Force PLA 2003, 19, 168–172. [Google Scholar]
- Lai, J.; Ma, S.; Wang, Y.; Cai, Z.; Hu, J.; Wei, N.; Wu, J.; Du, H.; Chen, T.; Li, R.; et al. Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019. JAMA Netw. Open. 2020, 3, e203976. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhong, Y.P.; Huang, J.Y.; Xie, Z.W.; Yan, C.; Li, Y.P. A study on the psychological health of the first group of front line medical staff treating coronavirus disease 2019 patients and the effect of psychological intervention on this outcome (in Chinese). Chin. Gen. Pract. Nurs. 2020, 18, 955–957. [Google Scholar]
- Lu, W.; Wang, H.; Lin, Y.; Li, L. Psychological status of medical workforce during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. Psychiatry Res. 2020, 288, 112936. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, W.R.; Wang, K.; Yin, L.; Zhao, W.F.; Xue, Q.; Peng, M.; Min, B.Q.; Tian, Q.; Leng, H.X.; Du, J.L.; et al. Mental Health and Psychosocial Problems of Medical Health Workers during the COVID-19 Epidemic in China. Psychother. Psychosom. 2020, 89, 242–250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mo, Y.; Deng, L.; Zhang, L.; Lang, Q.; Liao, C.; Wang, N.; Qin, M.; Huang, H. Work stress among Chinese nurses to support Wuhan in fighting against COVID-19 epidemic. J. Nurs. Manag. 2020, 28, 1002–1009. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Xu, M.C.; Zhang, Y. Psychological status survey of first clinical first-line support nurses fighting against pneumonia caused by a 2019 novel coronavirus infection (in Chinese). Chin. Nurs. Res. 2020, 34, 368–370. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, L.; Zhang, J.D.; Ma, S.S.; Xu, H.M.; Chen, X.L.; Li, M.E.; Zhang, F. A qualitative study on the experience of front line nurses in care provision for coronavirus disease 2019 patients in Hubei (in Chinese). J. Qilu. Nurs. 2020, 26, 3–6. [Google Scholar]
- Guo, H.L.; Song, C.Y.; Wang, G.L.; Huang, H.Y.; Liu, Y.L. Qualitative study of work experience of support nurses in isolation unit for patients with severe COVID-19 (in Chinese). Chin. Nurs. Res. 2020, 34, 934–937. [Google Scholar]
- Abd El-Aziz, T.M.; Stockand, J.D. Recent progress and challenges in drug development against COVID-19 coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)—An update on the status. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2020, 83, 104327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cheng, S.K.; Tsang, J.S.; Ku, K.H.; Wong, C.W.; Ng, Y.K. Psychiatric complications in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) during the acute treatment phase: A series of 10 cases. Br. J. Psychiatry 2004, 184, 359–360. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Banerjee, D.; Rai, M. Social isolation in Covid-19: The impact of loneliness. Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry 2020, 66, 525–527. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Poon, E.; Liu, K.S.; Cheong, D.L.; Lee, C.K.; Yam, L.Y.; Tang, W.N. Impact of severe respiratory syndrome on anxiety levels of front-line health care workers. Hong Kong Med. J. 2004, 10, 325–330. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Zou, Y.; Jiang, T.; Chen, X.Q.; Zheng, Z.H. A qualitative study on the job stress among front line nursing staff caring for coronavirus disease 2019 patients in a pediatric hospital (in Chinese). J. Nurs. Rehabil. 2020, 19, 66–69. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, Q.; Luo, D.; Haase, J.E.; Guo, Q.; Wang, X.Q.; Liu, S.; Xia, L.; Liu, Z.; Yang, J.; Yang, B.X. The experiences of health-care providers during the COVID-19 crisis in China: A qualitative study. Lancet Glob. Health 2020, 8, e790–e798. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, H.M.; Chen, J.L. A study on the causes of job stress among nurses working in SARS wards (in Chinese). Nurs. J. Chin. People’s Lib. Army 2004, 21, 96–97. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, X.D.; Qiao, L.; Wu, Z.L. Survey of mental and behavior among medical workers working in atypical pneumonia wards or outpatient departments in Beijing (in Chinese). Chin. J. Health Educ. 2003, 19, 669–670. [Google Scholar]
- Qu, X.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, P.; Hu, W.T.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, L.L. Qualitative research on treatment experience among front-line nurses fighting against coronavirus disease 2019 (in Chinese). Chin. Nurs. Res. 2020, 34, 759–761. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, H.P.; Gao, F.L.; Liu, S.J. The psychological impact on nurses who care SARS patients (in Chinese). J. Nurs. Adm. 2004, 4, 10–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chung, B.P.; Wong, T.K.; Suen, E.S.; Chung, J.W. SARS: Caring for patients in Hong Kong. J. Clin. Nurs. 2005, 14, 510–517. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lau, P.Y.; Chan, C.W.H. SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome): Reflective Practice of a Nurse Manager. J. Clin. Nurs. 2005, 14, 28–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, S.H.; Juang, Y.Y.; Su, Y.J.; Lee, H.L.; Lin, Y.H.; Chao, C.C. Facing SARS: Psychological impacts on SARS team nurses and psychiatric services in a Taiwan general hospital. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry 2005, 27, 352–358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, N.; Wei, L.; Shi, S.; Jiao, D.; Song, R.; Ma, L.; Wang, H.; Wang, C.; Wang, Z.; You, Y.; et al. A qualitative study on the psychological experience of caregivers of COVID-19 patients. Am. J. Infect. Control 2020, 48, 592–598. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brooks, S.K.; Webster, R.K.; Smith, L.E.; Woodland, L.; Wessely, S.; Greenberg, N.; Rubin, G.J. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. Lancet 2020, 395, 912–920. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zheng, N.; Zhu, X.Q. Psychological experience of clinical nurses infected wtih novel coronavirus pneumonia: A qualitative study (in Chinese). Nurs. J. Chin. People’s. Lib. Army. 2020, 37, 21–24. [Google Scholar]
- Lee, N.; Hui, D.; Wu, A.; Chan, P.; Cameron, P.; Joynt, G.M.; Ahuja, A.; Yung, M.Y.; Leung, C.B.; To, K.F.; et al. A major outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003, 348, 1986–1994. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, H.; Liu, S.M.; Yu, X.H.; Tang, S.L.; Tang, C.K. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Current status and future perspectives. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 2020, 55, 105951. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fu, G.S.; Li, G.P. A qualitative study on the experience of medical staff working at designated hospitals for coronavirus disease 2019 patients (in Chinese). Chin. Gen. Pract. Nurs. 2020, 18, 1083–1085. [Google Scholar]
- Deng, R.; Chen, F.; Liu, S.S.; Yuan, L.; Song, J.P. Influencing factors for psychological stress of health care workers in COVID-19 isolation wards (in Chinese). Chin. J. Infect. Control 2020, 19, 256–261. [Google Scholar]
- Cai, H.; Tu, B.; Ma, J.; Chen, L.; Fu, L.; Jiang, Y.; Zhuang, Q. Psychological Impact and Coping Strategies of Frontline Medical Staff in Hunan Between January and March 2020 During the Outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Hubei, China. Med. Sci. Monit. 2020, 26, e924171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ho, S.M.; Kwong-Lo, R.S.; Mak, C.W.; Wong, J.S. Fear of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) among health care workers. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 2005, 73, 344–349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, D.; Dong, D.; Nie, P.; Wang, C. Factor Structure of the Chinese Version of the Parent Adult-Child Relationship Questionnaire. Front. Psychol. 2018, 9, 315. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Xu, M.; Huang, G.G.; Sun, Y.; Zhang, L.Q.; He, R.K. An association study between the psychosomatic responses, coping strategies and self-efficacy of medical staff combating SARS (in Chinese). Occup. Health 2005, 21, 2008–2009. [Google Scholar]
- Bai, J.S.; Wang, Y.; Yuan, Y.; Huang, Z.; Wang, S.W. The psychological stress among supportive nurses combating coronavirus disease 2019 and their management strategies (in Chinese). J. Qilu Nurs. 2020, 26, 9–11. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, Y.X.; Qiu, Y.P.; Kuang, A.Y.; Chen, H.L.; Chen, X.S.; Xiao, H.Y.; Zhang, H.K. Comparison of psychological status and sleep disorder between earlier stage and final stage of psychological intervention in 32 medical staffs of SARS wards (in Chinese). China J. Health Psychol. 2004, 12, 336–337. [Google Scholar]
- Xiao, H.; Zhang, Y.; Kong, D.; Li, S.; Yang, N. The Effects of Social Support on Sleep Quality of Medical Staff Treating Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in January and February 2020 in China. Med. Sci. Monit. 2020, 26, e923549. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yin, X.; Zeng, L. A study on the psychological needs of nurses caring for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 from the perspective of the existence, relatedness, and growth theory. Int. J. Nurs. Sci. 2020, 7, 157–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Simpson, S.; Kaufmann, M.C.; Glozman, V.; Chakrabarti, A. Disease X: Accelerating the development of medical countermeasures for the next pandemic. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2020, 20, e108–e115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Agarwal, V.; Sharma, S.; Gupta, L.; Misra, D.; Davalbhakta, S.; Agarwal, V.; Goel, A.; Aggarwal, S. COVID-19 and Psychological Disaster Preparedness—An Unmet Need. Disaster Med. Public Health Prep. 2020, 1–4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zaka, A.; Shamloo, S.E.; Fiorente, P.; Tafuri, A. COVID-19 pandemic as a watershed moment: A call for systematic psychological health care for frontline medical staff. J. Health Psychol. 2020, 25, 883–887. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brooks, S.; Amlôt, R.; Rubin, G.J.; Greenberg, N. Psychological resilience and post-traumatic growth in disaster-exposed organisations: Overview of the literature. BMJ Mil. Health 2020, 166, 52–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- McCall, M. Yoga intervention may improve health-related quality of life (HRQL), fatigue, depression, anxiety and sleep in patients with breast cancer. Evid. Based Nurs. 2018, 21, 9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fillion, L.; Duval, S.; Dumont, S.; Gagnon, P.; Tremblay, I.; Bairati, I.; Breitbart, W.S. Impact of a meaning-centered intervention on job satisfaction and on quality of life among palliative care nurses. Psychooncology 2009, 18, 1300–1310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gerhart, J.; O’Mahony, S.; Abrams, I.; Grosse, J.; Greene, M.; Levy, M. A pilot test of a mindfulness-based communication training to enhance resilience in palliative care professionals. J. Contextual. Behav. Sci. 2016, 5, 89–96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chien, W.T.; Chow, K.M.; Chong, Y.Y.; Bressington, D.; Choi, K.C.; Chan, C.W.H. The Role of Five Facets of Mindfulness in a Mindfulness-Based Psychoeducation Intervention for People with Recent-Onset Psychosis on Mental and Psychosocial Health Outcomes. Front. Psychiatry 2020, 11, 177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
“nurse” OR “nurses” OR “healthcare professionals” OR “health care professionals” OR “patients” OR “physicians” OR “hospital staff” |
AND |
“stress” OR “distress” OR “stressful” OR “psychological” OR “anxiety” OR “depression” OR “psychiatric” |
AND |
“severe acute respiratory syndrome” OR “SARS” OR “coronavirus disease” OR “COVID-19” |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Chow, K.M.; Law, B.M.H.; Ng, M.S.N.; Chan, D.N.S.; So, W.K.W.; Wong, C.L.; Chan, C.W.H. A Review of Psychological Issues among Patients and Healthcare Staff during Two Major Coronavirus Disease Outbreaks in China: Contributory Factors and Management Strategies. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6673. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673
Chow KM, Law BMH, Ng MSN, Chan DNS, So WKW, Wong CL, Chan CWH. A Review of Psychological Issues among Patients and Healthcare Staff during Two Major Coronavirus Disease Outbreaks in China: Contributory Factors and Management Strategies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(18):6673. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673
Chicago/Turabian StyleChow, Ka Ming, Bernard M.H. Law, Marques S.N. Ng, Dorothy N.S. Chan, Winnie K.W. So, Cho Lee Wong, and Carmen W.H. Chan. 2020. "A Review of Psychological Issues among Patients and Healthcare Staff during Two Major Coronavirus Disease Outbreaks in China: Contributory Factors and Management Strategies" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18: 6673. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673
APA StyleChow, K. M., Law, B. M. H., Ng, M. S. N., Chan, D. N. S., So, W. K. W., Wong, C. L., & Chan, C. W. H. (2020). A Review of Psychological Issues among Patients and Healthcare Staff during Two Major Coronavirus Disease Outbreaks in China: Contributory Factors and Management Strategies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 6673. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673