Adolescent Employment, Mental Health, and Suicidal Behavior: A Propensity Score Matching Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Population
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Part-Time Work
2.2.2. Mental Health
2.2.3. Suicidal Behavior
2.3. Covariates
2.4. Data Analysis
2.4.1. PSM
2.4.2. The χ2 Test
2.4.3. Multiple Logistic Regression
2.5. Ethical Consideration
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Classification | Without Part-Time Job Experience (n = 124,802) | With Part-Time Job Experience (n = 17,165) | χ2 | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
% (SE) | % (SE) | ||||
Gender | Male | 50.5 (0.8) | 54.4 (1.2) | 93.336 | <0.001 |
Female | 49.5 (0.8) | 45.6 (1.2) | |||
Age (Years) | 13 | 14.1 (0.2) | 1.5 (0.1) | 8246.856 | <0.001 |
14 | 15.5 (0.2) | 3.4 (0.2) | |||
15 | 17.2 (0.2) | 8.6 (0.3) | |||
16 | 18.1 (0.2) | 19.5 (0.3) | |||
17 | 17.4 (0.2) | 32.4 (0.4) | |||
18 | 17.7 (0.2) | 34.7 (0.4) | |||
School Type | Middle School | 46.8 (0.5) | 13.4 (0.4) | 14,144.348 | <0.001 |
High School | 47.6 (0.5) | 57.6 (0.8) | |||
Vocational High School | 5.6 (0.2) | 29.0 (0.7) | |||
Residential Area | Big City | 45.0 (0.5) | 36.7 (0.7) | 683.185 | <0.001 |
Medium-Sized City | 50.0 (0.5) | 54.5 (0.9) | |||
Rural Area | 5.0 (0.3) | 8.8 (0.6) | |||
Living Arrangement | With both Parents | 91.3 (0.1) | 83.2 (0.3) | 118,660.848 | <0.001 |
With a Single Parent | 7.8 (0.1) | 14.9 (0.3) | |||
With Grandparent(s)/Other Relatives | 0.9 (0.1) | 2.0 (0.1) | |||
Other | |||||
Perceived Socioeconomic Status | High | 43.3 (0.3) | 29.6 (0.4) | 2297.412 | <0.001 |
Middle | 45.2 (0.2) | 47.2 (0.4) | |||
Low | 11.5 (0.1) | 23.2 (0.4) | |||
Academic Performance | High | 44.5 (0.2) | 26.5 (0.4) | 3183.205 | <0.001 |
Middle | 28.8 (0.1) | 27.2 (0.3) | |||
Low | 26.8 (0.1) | 46.4 (0.4) | |||
Father’s Educational Level | Below Middle School | 2.1 (0.0) | 4.8 (0.2) | 3018.126 | <0.001 |
High School | 30.7 (0.3) | 48.9 (0.5) | |||
Above College | 67.2 (0.3) | 46.3 (0.5) | |||
Mother’s Educational Level | Below Middle School | 1.8 (0.0) | 4.0 (0.2) | 2548.592 | <0.001 |
High School | 38.7 (0.3) | 56.2 (0.4) | |||
Above College | 59.5 (0.3) | 39.8 (0.5) | |||
Weekly Allowance | <50$ | 86.7 (0.1) | 72.4 (0.4) | 2679.599 | <0.001 |
50$–100$ | 9.6 (0.1) | 17.4 (0.3) | |||
≥100$ | 3.7 (0.1) | 10.2 (0.2) |
Classification | Pre-Matching Sample (n = 141,967) | Post-Matching Sample (n = 34,330) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Covariates: % (SE) | With Part-Time Job Experience | Without Part-Time Job Experience | p Value | With Part-Time Job Experience | Without Part-Time Job Experience | p Value | |
Gender | Male | 13.0 (0.3) | 87.0 (0.3) | <0.001 | 49.6 (0.6) | 50.4 (0.6) | 0.955 |
Female | 11.4 (0.3) | 88.6 (0.3) | 49.6 (0.7) | 50.4 (0.7) | |||
Age (Years) | 13 | 1.4 (0.1) | 98.6 (0.1) | <0.001 | 50.1 (2.3) | 49.9 (2.3) | 0.001 |
14 | 3.0 (0.1) | 97.0 (0.1) | 48.9 (1.6) | 51.1 (1.6) | |||
15 | 6.5 (0.2) | 93.5 (0.2) | 50.7 (1.1) | 49.3 (1.1) | |||
16 | 13.0 (0.3) | 87.0 (0.3) | 46.8 (0.7) | 53.2 (0.7) | |||
17 | 20.6 (0.4) | 79.4 (0.4) | 50.4 (0.7) | 49.6 (0.7) | |||
18 | 21.4 (0.4) | 78.6 (0.4) | 50.3 (0.7) | 49.7 (0.7) | |||
School Type | Middle School | 3.8 (0.1) | 96.2 (0.1) | <0.001 | 50.2 (0.9) | 49.8 (0.9) | <0.001 |
High School | 14.4 (0.3) | 85.6 (0.3) | 48.3 (0.6) | 51.7 (0.6) | |||
Vocational High School | 42.0 (0.9) | 58.0 (0.9) | 52.1 (0.9) | 47.9 (0.9) | |||
Residential Area | Big City | 10.2 (0.2) | 89.8 (0.2) | <0.001 | 50.4 (0.7) | 49.6 (0.7) | 0.384 |
Medium-Sized City | 13.2 (0.2) | 86.8 (0.3) | 49.2 (0.6) | 50.8 (0.6) | |||
Rural Area | 19.5 (1.0) | 80.5 (1.0) | 48.5 (1.6) | 51.5 (1.6) | |||
Living Arrangement | With Both Parents | 11.2 (0.2) | 88.2 (0.2) | <0.001 | 49.2 (0.5) | 50.8 (0.5) | 0.003 |
With a Single Parent | 21.0 (0.4) | 79.0 (0.4) | 52.0 (0.8) | 48.0 (0.8) | |||
With Grandparent(s)/Other Relatives | 23.6 (1.4) | 76.4 (1.4) | 47.3 (2.2) | 52.7 (2.2) | |||
Perceived Socioeconomic Status | High | 8.7 (0.2) | 91.3 (0.2) | <0.001 | 50.3 (0.6) | 49.7 (0.6) | 0.088 |
Middle | 12.7 (0.2) | 87.3 (0.2) | 48.9 (0.6) | 51.1 (0.6) | |||
Low | 21.9 (0.4) | 78.1 (0.4) | 50.1 (0.7) | 49.9 (0.7) | |||
School Performance | High | 7.6 (0.2) | 92.4 (0.2) | <0.001 | 50.7 (0.7) | 49.3 (0.7) | 0.051 |
Middle | 11.6 (0.2) | 88.4 (0.2) | 49.6 (0.7) | 50.4 (0.7) | |||
Low | 19.4 (0.3) | 80.6 (0.3) | 48.9 (0.5) | 51.1 (0.5) | |||
Father’s educational level | Below middle School | 24.3 (0.8) | 75.7 (0.8) | <0.001 | 45.9 (1.4) | 54.1 (1.4) | 0.023 |
High School | 18.1 (0.3) | 81.9 (0.3) | 49.7 (0.6) | 50.3 (0.6) | |||
Above College | 8.8 (0.1) | 91.2 (0.1) | 49.8 (0.6) | 50.2 (0.6) | |||
Mother’s Educational Level | Below Middle School | 23.7 (0.8) | 76.3 (0.8) | <0.001 | 46.4 (1.5) | 53.6 (1.5) | 0.071 |
High School | 16.8 (0.3) | 83.2 (0.3) | 49.5 (0.5) | 50.5 (0.5) | |||
Above College | 8.5 (0.2) | 91.5 (0.2) | 50.0 (0.6) | 50.0 (0.6) | |||
Weekly Allowance | <50$ | 10.4 (0.2) | 89.6 (0.2) | <0.001 | 49.5 (0.5) | 50.5 (0.5) | 0.434 |
50$–100$ | 20.1 (0.4) | 79.9 (0.4) | 49.3 (0.8) | 50.7 (0.8) | |||
>100$ | 27.8 (0.6) | 72.2 (0.6) | 50.7 (1.0) | 49.3 (1.0) |
Adjusted Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Violence Exposure | 2.284 | 1.959, 2.663 | <0.001 |
Lifetime Drinking (%) | 3.070 | 2.912, 3.236 | <0.001 |
Problem Drinking (%) | 3.818 | 3.551, 4.106 | <0.001 |
Lifetime Smoking (%) | 3.658 | 3.447, 3.883 | <0.001 |
Sexual Intercourse Experience | 3.258 | 2.971, 3.571 | <0.001 |
Sleep Time Satisfaction (%) | 0.836 | 0.786, 0.889 | <0.001 |
Subjective Happiness Status (%) | 0.909 | 0.865, 0.955 | <0.001 |
Subjective Health Status (%) | 1.110 | 1.053, 1.169 | <0.001 |
Stress Awareness (%) | 1.148 | 1.094, 1.205 | <0.001 |
Depression Awareness (%) | 1.544 | 1.463, 1.630 | <0.001 |
Suicidal Ideation | 1.355 | 1.266, 1.450 | <0.001 |
Suicidal Planning | 1.717 | 1.527, 1.929 | <0.001 |
Suicide Attempts | 1.852 | 1.595, 2.151 | <0.001 |
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Shin, H.; Kim, K.h.; Kim, J.-s.; Lee, E. Adolescent Employment, Mental Health, and Suicidal Behavior: A Propensity Score Matching Approach. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6835. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186835
Shin H, Kim Kh, Kim J-s, Lee E. Adolescent Employment, Mental Health, and Suicidal Behavior: A Propensity Score Matching Approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(18):6835. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186835
Chicago/Turabian StyleShin, Hyerine, Kyung hee Kim, Ji-su Kim, and Eunkyung Lee. 2020. "Adolescent Employment, Mental Health, and Suicidal Behavior: A Propensity Score Matching Approach" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18: 6835. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186835