Partnership Status and Living Situation in Persons Experiencing Physical Disability in 22 Countries: Are There Patterns According to Individual and Country-Level Characteristics?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Outcomes
2.2.2. Predictors
Individual Characteristics
Country-Level Characteristics
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Partnership Status
3.2. Living Situation
4. Discussion
Strength and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Categorical Variables (% Missing Values in Total Population) | Total |
---|---|
N (%) | |
Partnership status (0.7) | |
Single | 5119 (41.0) |
Having a partner | 7380 (59.0) |
Living situation (1.6) | |
Living alone | 2351 (19.0) |
Living with others | 9630 (77.7) |
Living in an institution | 413 (3.3) |
Gender (0.3) | |
Female | 3393 (27.0) |
Male | 9165 (73.0) |
Age at time of survey in years (0.6) | |
16–30 years | 1323 (10.6) |
31–45 years | 3193 (25.5) |
46–60 years | 4325 (34.6) |
61 years or older | 3672 (29.4) |
Employment status (0) | |
Paid work | 3880 (30.8) |
No paid work | 8711 (69.2) |
Injury severity (4.3) | |
Incomplete paraplegia | 4155 (34.5) |
Complete paraplegia | 3381 (28.1) |
Incomplete tetraplegia | 3284 (27.3) |
Complete tetraplegia | 1225 (10.2) |
Etiology (1.6) | |
Traumatic | 9990 (80.6) |
Non-traumatic | 2399 (19.4) |
Time since injury in years (2.7) | |
0–5 years | 4209 (34.4) |
6–15 years | 4153 (33.9) |
16–25 years | 2006 (16.4) |
26 years or more | 1880 (15.4) |
Human development index a (0) | |
Lowest quartile | 2661 (21.1) |
2nd lowest quartile | 2109 (16.8) |
2nd highest quartile | 2225 (17.7) |
Highest quartile | 5596 (44.4) |
Continuous variables | Mean (SD); median (IQR) |
Age in years (0.6) | 51.3 (15.3); 52 (40–63) |
Time since injury in years (2.7) | 13.1 (11.9); 9 (4–19) |
Education in years (6.1) | 12.2 (5.2); 12 (9–15) |
Individual and Country-level Characteristics | Being Single | |
---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | |
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Sociodemographic characteristics | ||
Gender | ||
Male | Reference | Reference |
Female | 1.21 (1.11–1.31) | 1.16 (1.05–1.28) |
p-value | <0.001 *** | 0.005 ** |
Age (in years) | 0.96 (0.96–0.96) | 0.95 (0.94–0.95) |
p-value | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** |
Education (in years) | ||
Lowest quartile | Reference | Reference |
2nd lowest quartile | 1.05 (0.95–1.17) | 0.99 (0.87–1.12) |
2nd highest quartile | 1.04 (0.93–1.16) | 0.95 (0.83–1.08) |
Highest quartile | 1.18 (1.06–1.31) | 1.12 (0.98–1.28) |
p-value | 0.025 * | 0.064 |
Net-equivalent household income | ||
Lowest quartile | Reference | Reference |
2nd lowest quartile | 0.57 (0.51–0.64) | 0.61 (0.54–0.69) |
2nd highest quartile | 0.52 (0.47–0.64) | 0.55 (0.48–0.62) |
Highest quartile | 0.48 (0.43–0.53) | 0.53 (0.47–0.61) |
p-value | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** |
Employment status | ||
No paid work | Reference | Reference |
Paid work | 0.90 (0.83–0.98) | 0.68 (0.61–0.76) |
p-value | 0.010 * | <0.001 *** |
Characteristics of the spinal cord injury | ||
Injury severity | ||
Incomplete paraplegia | Reference | Reference |
Complete paraplegia | 1.20 (1.09–1.33) | 1.06 (0.95–1.19) |
Incomplete tetraplegia | 1.06 (0.96–1.17) | 1.15 (1.02–1.29) |
Complete tetraplegia | 1.87 (1.63–2.14) | 1.51 (1.29–1.78) |
p-value | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** |
Etiology | ||
Non-traumatic | Reference | Reference |
Traumatic | 1.27 (1.15–1.4) | 0.89 (0.78–1.01) |
p-value | <0.001 *** | 0.066 |
Time since injury (in years) | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | 1.02 (1.02–1.03) |
p-value | 0.008 ** | <0.001 *** |
Country-level characteristics | ||
Human Development Index (1–21, 1 = highest, 21 = lowest HDI) | 1.02 (0.98–1.06) | 0.99 (0.95–1.03) |
p-value | 0.204 | 0.598 |
Individual and Country-level Characteristics | Living Alone | |
---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | |
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Sociodemographic characteristics | ||
Gender | ||
Male | Reference | Reference |
Female | 1.00 (0.86–1.15) | 0.81 (0.69–0.96) |
p-value | 0.975 | 0.020 * |
Age (in years) | 1.04 (1.04–1.05) | 1.04 (1.04–1.05) |
p-value | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** |
Education (in years) | ||
Lowest quartile | Reference | Reference |
2nd lowest quartile | 0.91 (0.76–1.09) | 0.96 (0.77–1.18) |
2nd highest quartile | 0.76 (0.62–0.92) | 0.83 (0.66–1.05) |
Highest quartile | 0.98 (0.81–1.19) | 1.03 (0.82–1.30) |
p-value | 0.026 * | 0.245 |
Net-equivalent household income | ||
Lowest quartile | Reference | Reference |
2nd lowest quartile | 0.74 (0.61–0.89) | 0.76 (0.61–0.94) |
2nd highest quartile | 1.29 (1.07–1.56) | 1.36 (1.10–1.68) |
Highest quartile | 1.91 (1.57–2.32) | 2.11 (1.68–2.65) |
p-value | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** |
Employment status | ||
No paid work | Reference | Reference |
Paid work | 0.92 (0.80–1.06) | 0.92 (0.77–1.11) |
p-value | 0.268 | 0.392 |
Characteristics of the spinal cord injury | ||
Injury severity | ||
Incomplete paraplegia | Reference | Reference |
Complete paraplegia | 1.12 (0.95–1.33) | 1.19 (0.97–1.46) |
Incomplete tetraplegia | 0.79 (0.67–0.94) | 0.79 (0.64–0.98) |
Complete tetraplegia | 0.63 (0.51–0.79) | 0.75 (0.58–0.98) |
p-value | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** |
Etiology | ||
Non-traumatic | Reference | Reference |
Traumatic | 0.78 (0.65–0.94) | 0.93 (0.73–1.17) |
p-value | 0.008 ** | 0.513 |
Time since injury (in years) | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) |
p-value | <0.001 *** | 0.285 |
Country-level characteristics | ||
Human Development Index (1–21, 1 = highest, 21 = lowest HDI) | 0.84 (0.81–0.87) | 0.85 (1.00–1.01) |
p-value | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** |
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Fekete, C.; Arora, M.; Reinhardt, J.D.; Gross-Hemmi, M.; Kyriakides, A.; Le Fort, M.; Patrick Engkasan, J.; Tough, H. Partnership Status and Living Situation in Persons Experiencing Physical Disability in 22 Countries: Are There Patterns According to Individual and Country-Level Characteristics? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7002. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197002
Fekete C, Arora M, Reinhardt JD, Gross-Hemmi M, Kyriakides A, Le Fort M, Patrick Engkasan J, Tough H. Partnership Status and Living Situation in Persons Experiencing Physical Disability in 22 Countries: Are There Patterns According to Individual and Country-Level Characteristics? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(19):7002. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197002
Chicago/Turabian StyleFekete, Christine, Mohit Arora, Jan D. Reinhardt, Mirja Gross-Hemmi, Athanasios Kyriakides, Marc Le Fort, Julia Patrick Engkasan, and Hannah Tough. 2020. "Partnership Status and Living Situation in Persons Experiencing Physical Disability in 22 Countries: Are There Patterns According to Individual and Country-Level Characteristics?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19: 7002. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197002