Tourism Destination Management Strategy for Young Children: Willingness to Pay for Child-Friendly Tourism Facilities and Services at a Heritage Site
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Tourism Destination Management for Young Children
2.1. Importance of Young Children in the Tourism Industry and Their Characteristics as Tourists
2.2. Specialization of Facilities and Services for Young Children at Tourist Destinations
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Study Area
3.2. Choice Experiment Analysis
3.3. Questionnaire Design and Data Collection
4. Results
4.1. Demographic Characteristics of Respondents
4.2. Visitors’ MWTP for Child-Friendly Facilities and Services
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Child Care Act. Available online: https://elaw.klri.re.kr/kor_mobile/viewer.do?hseq=42644&type=sogan&key=10 (accessed on 1 August 2020).
- Backer, E.; Schänzel, H. Family Holidays—Vacation or Obli-cation? Tour. Recreat. Res. 2013, 38, 159–173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khoo-Lattimore, C.; Prayag, G.; Cheah, B.L. Kids on board: Exploring the choice process and vacation needs of Asian parents with young children in resort hotels. J. Hosp. Mark. Manag. 2015, 24, 511–531. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Therkelsen, A. Deciding on family holidays—Role distribution and strategies in use. J. Travel Tour. Mark. 2010, 27, 765–779. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schänzel, H.A.; Yeoman, I. The future of family tourism. Tour. Recreat. Res. 2014, 39, 343–360. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shuxia, W. Children tourism investigation and analysis in Zhejiang Province, China. Asia Pac. J. Multidiscip. Res. 2018, 6, 74–81. [Google Scholar]
- Kozak, M.; Duman, T. Family members and vacation satisfaction: Proposal of a conceptual framework. Int. J. Tour. Res. 2012, 14, 192–204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, M.; Wang, D.; Xu, W.; Mao, Z. Motivation for family vacations with young children: Anecdotes from the Internet. J. Travel Tour. Mark. 2017, 34, 1047–1057. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Curtale, R. Analyzing children’s impact on parents’ tourist choices. Young Consum. 2018, 19, 172–184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thornton, P.R.; Shaw, G.; Williams, A.M. Tourist group holiday decision-making and behaviour: The influence of children. Tour. Manag. 1997, 18, 287–297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nickerson, N.P.; Jurowski, C. The influence of children on vacation travel patterns. J. Vacat. Mark. 2001, 7, 19–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nistoreanu, P.; Dragolea, L. The Customization of Rural Travel Services’ Supply/Offer for Families with Children. Available online: https://www.academia.edu/1990524/The_customization_of_rural_travel_services_supply_offer_for_families_with_children (accessed on 1 August 2020).
- Özel, Ç.H. Marketing to Children in Tourism Industry: Descriptive Analysis of Kid-Friendly Hotels’ Practices in Turkey’, Marketing Places and Spaces. Adv. Cult. Tour. Hosp. Res. 2015, 10, 193–208. [Google Scholar]
- Khoo-Lattimore, C.; Yang, M.J. A family for the holidays: Delineating the hospitality needs of European parents with young children. Young Consum. 2018, 19, 159–171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- UNWTO. Manual on Accessible Tourism for All: Principles, Tools and Best Practices; The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO): Mardrid, Spain, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- McKinsey & Company. Available online: https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/risk/our-insights/covid-19-implications-for-business (accessed on 17 August 2020).
- UNWTO. Available online: https://www.unwto.org/impact-assessment-of-the-covid-19-outbreak-on-international-tourism (accessed on 17 August 2020).
- Huizinga, J. Homo Ludens. A Study of the Play Element in Culture; Beacon: Boston, MA, USA, 1955. [Google Scholar]
- Ritchie, H. Google Mobility Trends: How Has the Pandemic Changed the Movement of People Around the World? Our World in Data. Available online: https://ourworldindata.org/covid-mobility-trends (accessed on 17 August 2020).
- The Korea Herald. Available online: http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=2020050700091058 (accessed on 17 September 2020).
- UNICEF DATA. Available online: https://data.unicef.org/topic/covid-19-and-children/ (accessed on 17 September 2020).
- Suwon Cultural Foundation. Hwaseong Fortress: General Information. Available online: http://www.swcf.or.kr/?p=58 (accessed on 12 August 2020).
- Dhaka Tribune. Available online: https://www.dhakatribune.com/world/2018/03/30/korean-city-suwon-boasts-worlds-lone-toilet-theme-park/ (accessed on 12 August 2020).
- Song, H. A Study on the Establishment of an Accessible Tourism Environment in Suwon Hwaseong Fortress for Children and Their Families; Suwon Research Institute: Suwon, Korea, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Family Traveler. Available online: https://familytraveller.com/usa/travel-tips/accommodations/top-5-reasons-all-inclusive-vacation-club-med/ (accessed on 18 August 2020).
- Midas Hotel & Resort. Available online: https://www.midashotel.co.kr/view/viewLink.do?page=homepage/ENG/company/intro/ (accessed on 18 August 2020).
- McCabe, S.; Diekmann, A. The rights to tourism: Reflections on social tourism and human rights. Tour. Recreat. Res. 2015, 40, 194–204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Özogul, G.; Baran, G.G. Accessible tourism: The golden key in the future for the specialized travel agencies. J. Tour. Futures 2016, 2, 79–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- European Commission. Economic Impact and Travel Patterns of Accessible Tourism in Europe–Final Report. Service Contract SI2.ACPROCE052481700–European Commission, DG Enterprise and Industry; European Commission: Brussels, Belgium, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Zamani, Z. Young children’s preferences: What stimulates children’s cognitive play in outdoor preschools? Int. J. Early Child. 2017, 15, 256–274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cosco, N.G. Motivation to Move: Physical Activity Affordances in Preschool Play Areas. Ph.D. Thesis, Heriot Watt University, Edinburg, UK, 30 May 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Hughes, B.E. An Evaluation of Preschool Children’s Physical Activity within Indoor Preschool Play Environments. Master’s Thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Burns, R.C.; Covelli, E.; Graefe, A. Outdoor recreation and nontraditional users: Results of focus group interviews with racial and ethnic minorities. In Recreation Visitor Research: Studies of Diversity; Chavez Deborah, J., Winter Patricia, L., Absher James, D., Eds.; Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-210; US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: Albany, CA, USA, 2008; Chapter 11; pp. 123–137. [Google Scholar]
- Hang, H.; Aroean, L.; Chen, Z. Building emotional attaching during COVID-19. Ann. Tour. Res. 2020, 83, 103006. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jess, R.L.; Dozier, C.L. Increasing handwashing in young children: A brief review. J. Appl. Behav. Anal. 2020, 53, 1219–1224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism & Korea Tourism Organization. Guidelines for Accessible Tourism for All; Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism & Korea Tourism Organization: Seoul, Korea, 2020.
- Warin, J. Conceptualising the value of male practitioners in early childhood education and care: Gender balance or gender flexibility. Gend. Educ. 2019, 31, 293–308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rime, J.; Tissot, H.; Favez, N.; Watson, M.; Stadlmayr, W. The Diaper Change Play: Validation of a New Observational Assessment Tool for Early Triadic Family Interactions in the First Month Postpartum. Front. Psychol. 2018, 9, 497. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yang, Z.; Jin, F.; Shou, J.; Yang, Y. Landscape planning and design of tourist highway service area under the background of all-for-one tourism system. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 2019, 304, 032092. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nyman, E.; Westin, K.; Carson, D. Tourism destination choice sets for families with wheelchair-bound children. Tour. Recreat. Res. 2018, 43, 26–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Travel + Leisure. Available online: https://www.travelandleisure.com/trip-ideas/disney-vacations/walt-disney-world-stroller-rentals (accessed on 18 August 2020).
- Guggenheim. Available online: https://www.guggenheim.org/event/stroller-tours (accessed on 18 August 2020).
- rRemai mModern. Available online: https://remaimodern.org/visit/tours/stroller-tours (accessed on 18 August 2020).
- NYC Parks. Available online: https://www.nycgovparks.org/programs/recreation/kids-in-motion (accessed on 18 August 2020).
- Appleton Parks and Recreation. Available online: https://appletonparkandrec.org/programs-activities/youth-programs/playground-program/ (accessed on 18 August 2020).
- McCool, S.F. An Assessment of Frameworks Useful for Public land Recreation Planning; US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station: Portland, OR, USA, 2007.
- Souza, T.D.V.S.B.; Thapa, B. Tourism demand analysis of the federal protected areas of Brazil. J. Park Recreat. Adm. 2018, 36, 1–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hong, B.; Bonczak, B.; Gupta, A.; Thorpe, L.; Kontokosta, C.E. Exposure Density and Neighborhood Disparities in COVID-19 Infection Risk: Using Large-scale Geolocation Data to Understand Burdens on Vulnerable Communities. arXiv 2020, arXiv:2008.01650. [Google Scholar]
- Yoon, S.W.; Chung, S.W. Promoting a world heritage site through social media: Suwon City’s Facebook promotion strategy on Hwaseong Fortress (in South Korea). Sustainability 2018, 10, 2189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Song, H. 2017 Suwon Visitor Survey and Trend Report; Suwon Research Institute: Suwon, Korea, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- KOSIS (Korean Statistical Information Service). Available online: http://kosis.kr/statHtml/statHtml.do?orgId=101&tblId=DT_1IN1603 (accessed on 17 August 2020).
- Unicef Friendly Cities. Available online: https://childfriendlycities.org/republic-of-korea/ (accessed on 17 August 2020).
- McFadden, D.L.; Zarembka, P. Conditional logit analysis of qualitative choice behavior. In Frontiers in Econometrics; Academic Press: New York, NY, USA, 1974; pp. 105–142. [Google Scholar]
- Chaminuka, P.; Groeneveld, R.A.; Selomane, A.O.; Van Ierland, E.C. Tourist preferences for ecotourism in rural communities adjacent to Kruger National Park: A choice experiment approach. Tour. Manag. 2012, 33, 168–176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hearne, R.R.; Salinas, Z.M. The use of choice experiments in the analysis of tourist preferences for ecotourism development in Costa Rica. J. Environ. Manag. 2002, 65, 153–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zong, C.; Cheng, K.; Lee, C.H.; Hsu, N.L. Capturing Tourists’ Preferences for the Management of Community-Based Ecotourism in a Forest Park. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1673. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Park, C.; Song, H. Visitors’ perceived place value and the willingness to pay in an urban lake park. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 2518. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Perez Loyola, R.; Wang, E.; Kang, N. Economic valuation of recreational attributes using a choice experiment approach: An application to the Galapagos Islands. Tour. Econ. 2019, 1–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, J.M.; de Groote, J.; Petrick, J.F.; Lu, T.; Nijkamp, P. Travellers’ willingness to pay and perceived value of time in ride-sharing: An experiment on China. Curr. Issues Tour. 2020, 1–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Riera, P.; Signorello, G.; Thiene, M.; Mahieu, P.A.; Navrud, S.; Kaval, P.; Rulleau, B.; Mavsar, R.; Madureira, L.; Meyerhoff, J. Non-market valuation of forest goods and services: Good practice guidelines. J. For. Econ. 2012, 18, 259–270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rose, J.M.; Bliemer, M.C. Constructing efficient stated choice experimental designs. Transp. Rev. 2009, 29, 587–617. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krinsky, I.; Robb, A.L. On approximating the statistical properties of elasticities. Rev. Econ. Stat. 1986, 68, 715–719. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Attributes | Level | Description |
---|---|---|
Rest area | 1 | [Current] Outdoor bench |
2 | Bench and awning (sunshade, rain shelter) | |
3 | Indoor rest area (air conditioning and heating, air purification, shelter from wind) | |
Restrooms and facilities designed for young children | 1 | [Current] Some facilities for young children are installed, mainly in women’s restrooms, but not enough 1 |
2 | Improvement of facilities designed for young children mainly in women’s restrooms | |
3 | Improvement of facilities designed for young children in both men’s and women’s restrooms | |
Children’s vehicles | 1 | [Current] None for young children |
2 | Mobile vehicles (Stroller, Wagon) | |
3 | Mobile vehicles and play-type vehicles (hand push tricycles, push cars) | |
Specialized courses for young children and families | 1 | [Current] None for young children |
2 | Guided course for young children (separate, safe, and low difficulty) | |
3 | Specialized course for young children to actively enjoy | |
Entrance fee (per person) | 1 | 1000 KRW (0.84 USD) |
2 | 2000 KRW (1.69 USD) | |
3 | 3000 KRW (2.53 USD) | |
4 | 4000 KRW (3.38 USD) |
Attributes | Alternatives | ||
---|---|---|---|
Card 1 | Card 2 | Card 3 | |
Rest area | (Level 1) Outdoor bench | (Level 3) Indoor rest area | (Level 1) Outdoor bench |
Restrooms and facilities | (Level 1) Not improved | (Level 3) Improvement in both | (Level 2) Improvement in women’s only |
Children’s vehicles | (Level 2) Mobile vehicles | (Level 1) None | (Level 3) Mobile vehicles and play-type vehicles |
Specialized courses for young children | (Level 3) Specialized course | (Level 3) Specialized course | (Level 3) Specialized course |
Entrance fee | 2000 KRW | 3000 KRW | 4000 KRW |
Attributes and Levels | Coefficient 1 | |
---|---|---|
Entrance fee | −1.3 × 10−4 * (2.7 × 10−5) | |
Rest area | LV. 2 | 1.018 * (0.079) |
LV. 3 | 0.900 * (0.080) | |
Restrooms and facilities designed for young children | LV. 2 | 0.744 * (0.076) |
LV. 3 | 0.889 * (0.074) | |
Children’s vehicles | LV. 2 | 0.841 * (0.080) |
LV. 3 | 0.857 * (0.079) | |
Specialized courses for young children and families | LV. 2 | 0.926 * (0.081) |
LV. 3 | 1.207 * (0.080) | |
Log likelihood | −1642.9 | |
Number of obs. | 5457 | |
LR χ2 | 710.9 |
Attributes and Level | MWTP 1 [90% Confidence Interval] 2 | |
---|---|---|
Rest area | LV.1 → LV.2 | 7682 [5572–11,629] |
LV.1 → LV.3 | 6793 [4877–10,368] | |
Restrooms and facilities designed for young children | LV.1 → LV.2 | 5615 [3994–8659] |
LV.1 → LV.3 | 6708 [4880–10,190] | |
Children’s vehicles | LV.1 → LV.2 | 6348 [4586–9613] |
LV.1 → LV.3 | 6468 [4650–9820] | |
Specialized courses for young children and families | LV.1 → LV.2 | 6986 [5024–10,674] |
LV.1 → LV.3 | 9112 [6704–13,672] |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Song, H.; Park, C.; Kim, M. Tourism Destination Management Strategy for Young Children: Willingness to Pay for Child-Friendly Tourism Facilities and Services at a Heritage Site. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7100. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197100
Song H, Park C, Kim M. Tourism Destination Management Strategy for Young Children: Willingness to Pay for Child-Friendly Tourism Facilities and Services at a Heritage Site. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(19):7100. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197100
Chicago/Turabian StyleSong, Hwasung, Chanyul Park, and Miseong Kim. 2020. "Tourism Destination Management Strategy for Young Children: Willingness to Pay for Child-Friendly Tourism Facilities and Services at a Heritage Site" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19: 7100. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197100