A Comprehensive Assessment of the Associations Between Season of Conception and Birth Defects, Texas, 1999–2015
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Birth Defect Ascertainment and Classification
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Prevalence of Any Monitored Birth Defect According to Month of Conception
3.2. Prevalence of Specific Birth Defects According to Season of Conception
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All Livebirths, N (%) | Birth Defects Cases, N (%) | |
---|---|---|
Maternal age (years) | ||
10–19 | 831,365 (12.7) | 36,245 (11.9) |
20–24 | 1,769,279 (27.0) | 77,171 (25.3) |
25–29 | 1,784,385 (27.3) | 79,903 (26.2) |
30–34 | 1,387,169 (21.2) | 66,081 (21.7) |
35–39 | 632,649 (9.7) | 35,202 (11.6) |
≥40 | 138,010 (2.1) | 9997 (3.3) |
Maternal race/ethnicity | ||
Hispanic | 3,165,219 (48.4) | 144,452 (47.5) |
Non-Hispanic white | 2,328,963 (35.6) | 112,837 (37.1) |
Non-Hispanic black | 738,796 (11.3) | 33,733 (11.1) |
Other | 302,756 (4.6) | 13,385 (4.4) |
Maternal education | ||
<High school | 1,841,020 (28.3) | 85,824 (28.8) |
High school | 1,809,367 (27.8) | 79,841 (26.8) |
>High school | 2,849,877 (43.8) | 132,471 (44.4) |
Previous livebirths | ||
0 | 2,490,880 (38.6) | 120,918 (40.8) |
1 | 2,007,439 (31.1) | 86,992 (29.3) |
2 | 1,165,476 (18.1) | 51,358 (17.3) |
≥3 | 786,727 (12.2) | 37,387 (12.6) |
Season of Conception | ||
Winter | 1,686,752 (25.8) | 77,603 (25.5) |
Spring | 1,634,191 (25.0) | 75,312 (24.7) |
Summer | 1,565,866 (23.9) | 74,181 (24.4) |
Fall | 1,642,220 (25.1) | 76,733 (25.2) |
BPA4 Code | Birth Defect Name | Season of Conception | PR (95% CI) 1 |
---|---|---|---|
Any monitored birth defect | Spring | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | |
Summer | 1.03 (1.02, 1.04) | ||
Fall | 1.02 (1.01. 1.03) | ||
742.2 | Reduction anomalies of brain | Spring | 1.07 (0.99, 1.15) |
Summer | 1.14 (1.05, 1.23) | ||
Fall | 1.05 (0.98, 1.14) | ||
750.5 | Congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis | Spring | 0.89 (0.84, 0.94) |
Summer | 1.02 (0.96, 1.07) | ||
Fall | 1.02 (0.97, 1.08) | ||
751.3 | Hirschsprung’s disease and other congenital functional disorders of the colon | Spring | 1.03 (0.85, 1.24) |
Summer | 1.46 (1.22, 1.75) | ||
Fall | 1.06 (0.88, 1.28) | ||
754.5 | Varus (inward) deformities of feet | Spring | 1.04 (0.97, 1.11) |
Summer | 1.14 (1.06, 1.22) | ||
Fall | 1.03 (0.96, 1.11) | ||
755.6 | Other anomalies of lower limb, including pelvic girdle | Spring | 1.04 (0.99, 1.09) |
Summer | 1.10 (1.04, 1.15) | ||
Fall | 1.04 (0.99, 1.09) | ||
756.0 | Anomalies of skull and face bones | Spring | 1.04 (0.99, 1.08) |
Summer | 1.10 (1.05, 1.15) | ||
Fall | 1.05 (1.01, 1.10) |
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Benavides, E.; Lupo, P.J.; Langlois, P.H.; Schraw, J.M. A Comprehensive Assessment of the Associations Between Season of Conception and Birth Defects, Texas, 1999–2015. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7120. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197120
Benavides E, Lupo PJ, Langlois PH, Schraw JM. A Comprehensive Assessment of the Associations Between Season of Conception and Birth Defects, Texas, 1999–2015. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(19):7120. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197120
Chicago/Turabian StyleBenavides, Elisa, Philip J. Lupo, Peter H. Langlois, and Jeremy M. Schraw. 2020. "A Comprehensive Assessment of the Associations Between Season of Conception and Birth Defects, Texas, 1999–2015" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19: 7120. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197120
APA StyleBenavides, E., Lupo, P. J., Langlois, P. H., & Schraw, J. M. (2020). A Comprehensive Assessment of the Associations Between Season of Conception and Birth Defects, Texas, 1999–2015. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(19), 7120. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197120