Association between Body Composition, Physical Activity, Food Intake and Bone Status in German Children and Adolescents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials & Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Anthropometric Data and Body Composition
2.3. Bone Status
2.4. Lifestyle Questionnaire
2.5. Food Intake
2.6. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Participants
3.2. Food Intake
3.3. Bone Status and Influencing Factors
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Food Group | The Following Items Are Included in the BoneHEI: “How Often Do You Consume…” | Allocation of Points |
---|---|---|
Fruits and vegetables | Fresh/boiled/preserved/frozen fruits; cooked vegetables (prepared from fresh, frozen, preserved vegetables)/salad/raw vegetables | I/R ≤ 1: proportional points up to 100 I/R > 1: 100 points |
Fish | Fish | |
Bread | Bread; bread roll | I/R ≤ 1: proportional points up to 100 I/R > 1 and ≤ 2: 100 points I/R > 2: points proportionally subtracted from 100 |
Milk and dairy products | Milk/cocoa/yoghurt/curd/buttermilk; cheese; cream cheese | I/R ≤ 1: proportional points up to 100 I/R > 1 and ≤ 2: points proportionally subtracted from 100 I/R > 2: 0 points |
Meat and sausages | Meat; sausages/ham | I/R ≤ 1: 100 points I/R > 1 and ≤ 2: points proportionally subtracted from 100 I/R > 2: 0 points |
Tolerated food | Sweets/chocolate/chocolate bar/cake/pastry/cookies/drops/fruit gums; snacks/chips/salt sticks/cracker | |
Soft drinks | Coke/lemonade/soft drinks/energy drinks/iced tea | |
Caffeinated beverages | Coffee/black tea/green tea |
Characteristics | Girls (n = 248) | Boys (n = 231) |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | 13.4 ± 1.9 | 13.6 ± 1.7 |
Body mass (kg) | 51.3 ± 14.8 | 51.0 ± 13.7 |
Height (cm) | 158 ± 10 | 161 ± 13 * |
BMI a kg m−2 Strongly underweight (%) Underweight (%) Normal weight (%) Overweight (%) Obese (%) | 20.2 ± 4.8 2.4 6.0 73.4 9.7 8.5 | 19.3 ± 3.3 3.5 7.4 77.5 8.2 3.5 |
Fat-free mass (kg) | 37.6 ± 7.2 | 41.6 ± 10.4 *** |
Fat mass (kg) | 13.5 ± 7.9 | 9.6 ± 5.6 *** |
Fat mass (%) | 24.9 ± 8.1 | 18.0 ± 7.3 *** |
PAL b | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.2 *** |
RMR c (kJ d−1) (kcal kg−1 d−1) | 5952 ± 618 29.3 ± 5.1 | 6345 ± 746 *** 31.2 ± 5.3 *** |
Puberty category score d Prepubescent (%) Early (%) Midpubescent (%) Advanced (%) Postpubescent (%) | 8.4 ± 2.9 3.5 10.5 18.6 57.0 10.5 | 7.0 ± 2.5 *** 10.2 20.9 36.2 31.1 1.7 |
History of fractures (%) | 22.6 | 26.6 |
Use of medication (%) | 6.5 | 7.9 |
Staying outside (h d−1) | 3.6 ± 2.1 | 5.0 ± 5.6 ** |
Breastfeeding e Prevalence (%) Duration (months) | 87.4 7.0 ± 4.2 | 83.8 7.8 ± 5.1 |
Vitamin D supplementation f (%) | 72.7 | 73.5 |
Food Group | Intake of Children | National Average Intake (14–18 years) | Recommended Intake (15–18 years) | BoneHEI Score |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fruits and vegetables (g d−1) | ||||
Girls Boys | 471 ± 661 387 ± 516 ** | 323263 | 600 g d−1 700 g d−1 | 57 ± 33 45 ± 34 *** |
Fish (g d−1) | ||||
Girls Boys | 7 ± 14 17 ± 40 *** | 5 6 | 100 g wk−1 (14 g d−1) | 31 ± 39 47 ± 43 *** |
Bread (g d−1) | ||||
Girls Boys | 115 ± 136 170 ± 188 *** | 142 182 | 280 g d−1 350 g d−1 | 37 ± 31 43 ± 32 * |
Milk and dairy products (g d−1) | ||||
Girls Boys | 337 ± 377 381 ± 418 | 240 330 | 450 g d−1 500 g d-1 | 37 ± 29 42 ± 32 |
Meat and sausages (g d−1) | ||||
Girls Boys | 75 ± 103 166 ± 198 *** | 57 104 | 75 g d−1 85 g d−1 | 76 ± 39 52 ± 45 *** |
Tolerated food (g d−1) | ||||
Girls Boys | 77 ± 175 118 ± 271 | 69 81 | 1 serving d−1 (48 g) | 75 ± 39 70 ± 43 |
Soft drinks (mL d−1) | ||||
Girls Boys | 347 ± 694 563 ± 858 *** | 260 505 | 200 mL d−1 a | 76 ± 42 60 ± 47 *** |
Caffeinated beverages (mL d−1) | ||||
Girls Boys | 106 ± 322 103 ± 333 | 118 116 | 150 mL d−1 a | 90 ± 30 92 ± 27 |
Total BoneHEI | ||||
Girls Boys | 60 ± 13 56 ± 16 * |
Bone Status Parameters | Girls (n = 248) | Boys (n = 231) |
---|---|---|
BUA (dB MHz−1) | 111 ± 18 | 110 ± 16 |
BUA Z-score >−2.0 (%) ≤−2.0 (%) | 3.55 ± 1.22 100 0 | 3.87 ± 1.12 100 0 |
SOS (m s−1) | 1570 ± 28 | 1571 ± 34 |
SOS Z-score >−2.0 (%) ≤−2.0 (%) | −0.09 ± 0.98 98.0 2.0 | 0.37 ± 1.33 99.6 0.4 |
SI | 94 ± 18 | 94 ± 19 |
Sex | BUA (dB MHz−1) r (p-Value) | SOS (m s−1) r (p-Value) | SI r (p-Value) |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | |||
Girls Boys | 0.543 (0.000) 0.566 (0.000) | 0.378 (0.000) 0.398 (0.000) | 0.523 (0.000) 0.536 (0.000) |
BMI (kg m−2) | |||
Girls Boys | 0.477 (0.000) 0.417 (0.000) | 0.269 (0.000) 0.165 (0.012) | 0.435 (0.000) 0.319 (0.000) |
Fat-free mass (kg) | |||
Girls Boys | 0.576 (0.000) 0.618 (0.000) | 0.360 (0.000) 0.396 (0.000) | 0.540 (0.000) 0.563 (0.000) |
Fat mass (kg) | |||
Girls Boys | 0.451 (0.000) 0.226 (0.001) | 0.203 (0.001) −0.053 (0.424) | 0.392 (0.000) 0.094 (0.156) |
Fat mass (%) | |||
Girls Boys | 0.325 (0.000) −0.061 (0.359) | 0.108 (0.091) −0.266 (0.000) | 0.270 (0.000) −0.182 (0.006) |
PAL a | |||
Girls Boys | 0.171 (0.011) 0.180 (0.017) | 0.183 (0.006) 0.240 (0.001) | 0.196 (0.004) 0.223 (0.003) |
Puberty category score b | |||
Girls Boys | 0.548 (0.000) 0.555 (0.000) | 0.369 (0.000) 0.452 (0.000) | 0.532 (0.000) 0.543 (0.000) |
BoneHEI | |||
Girls Boys | −0.061 (0.373) −0.109 (0.113) | −0.093 (0.169) −0.056 (0.421) | −0.075 (0.271) −0.083 (0.231) |
Staying outside (h d−1) | |||
Girls Boys | 0.052 (0.426) 0.136 (0.042) | 0.034 (0.607) 0.047 (0.485) | 0.047 (0.468) 0.096 (0.150) |
Duration of breastfeeding during infancy (months) | |||
Girls Boys | −0.068 (0.323) 0.172 (0.018) | −0.090 (0.190) 0.098 (0.179) | −0.067 (0.327) 0.164 (0.023) |
Regression Steps | B | SE B | β | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Step 1 | 0.28 *** | |||
Constant | 23.84 | 5.74 | ||
Age (years) | 5.21 | 0.42 | 0.53 *** | |
Step 2 | 0.32 *** | |||
Constant | 28.43 | 5.68 | ||
Age (years) | 3.15 | 0.60 | 0.32 *** | |
Fat-free mass | 0.59 | 0.13 | 0.29 *** | |
Step 3 | 0.33 *** | |||
Constant | 25.70 | 5.72 | ||
Age (years) | 2.88 | 0.60 | 0.29 *** | |
Fat-free mass | 0.69 | 0.13 | 0.34 *** | |
Sex (0 = male, 1 = female) | 4.31 | 1.57 | 0.12 ** | |
Step 4 | 0.35 *** | |||
Constant | −0.60 | 10.95 | ||
Age (years) | 2.97 | 0.60 | 0.30 *** | |
Fat-free mass | 0.65 | 0.13 | 0.32 *** | |
Sex (0 = male, 1 = female) | 6.21 | 1.70 | 0.17 *** | |
PAL | 17.55 | 6.25 | 0.13 ** |
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Heydenreich, J.; Schweter, A.; Lührmann, P. Association between Body Composition, Physical Activity, Food Intake and Bone Status in German Children and Adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7294. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197294
Heydenreich J, Schweter A, Lührmann P. Association between Body Composition, Physical Activity, Food Intake and Bone Status in German Children and Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(19):7294. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197294
Chicago/Turabian StyleHeydenreich, Juliane, Antje Schweter, and Petra Lührmann. 2020. "Association between Body Composition, Physical Activity, Food Intake and Bone Status in German Children and Adolescents" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19: 7294. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197294