Combinations of Epidemiological and Experimental Studies in Air Pollution Research: A Narrative Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. The Bitterfeld Example
3.1.1. Study Design and Background
3.1.2. Main Findings
3.1.3. Summary
3.2. Utah Valley Example
3.2.1. Study Design and Background
3.2.2. Main Findings
3.2.3. Summary
3.3. Beijing Olympic Games Example
3.3.1. Study Design and Background
3.3.2. Main Findings
3.3.3. Summary
3.4. Viadana Example
3.4.1. Study Design and Background
3.4.2. Main Findings
3.4.3. Summary
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study | Search | Hits | Relevant Hits |
---|---|---|---|
Bitterfeld | (((“Bitterfeld”[tiab]) AND (pollutant *[tiab] OR pollution[tiab] OR pm[tiab] OR pm2.5[tiab] OR pm10[tiab] OR “particulate matter *”[tiab] OR “particle *”[tiab])) AND English[Language]) | 24 | 4 * |
Utah Valley | (((“Utah valley”[tiab]) AND (pollutant *[tiab] OR pollution[tiab] OR pm[tiab] OR pm2.5[tiab] OR pm10[tiab] OR “particulate matter *”[tiab] OR “particle *”[tiab])) AND English[Language]) | 27 | 21 |
Beijing Olympic Games | (((“Beijing”[tiab] OR “Peking”[tiab]) AND “olympic”[tiab]) AND (pollutant *[tiab] OR pollution[tiab] OR pm[tiab] OR pm2.5[tiab] OR pm10[tiab] OR “particulate matter *”[tiab] OR “particle *”[tiab])) AND English[Language]) | 72 | 50 |
Viadana | (((“Viadana”[tiab]) AND (pollutant *[tiab] OR pollution[tiab] OR pm[tiab] OR pm2.5[tiab] OR pm10[tiab] OR “particulate matter *”[tiab] OR “particle *”[tiab])) AND English[Language]) | 5 | 5 |
Type | Example | Location and Time | Design | Population | Environmental Pollution | Epidemiology | Human Exposure | Animal Model | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PM | Heavy Metals | NOx | Formaldehyde | Asthma | Hay Fever | Lung Function | Atopic Dermatitis | Lung Injury from Inflammation | ||||||||
Spatial | Bitterfeld | Germany (1992–2004) | Hettstedt compared to Zerbst | Children | ↑ | ↑ | NA | NA | ↑ | ↑ | *↑ | ↑ | NA | Increase in inflammatory response to Hettstedt samples | Increase in inflammatory response to Hettstedt samples | |
Viadana | Italy (1996–2015) | <2 km from factory compared to >2 km from factory | Children | NA | NA | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | NA | NA | ↑ | More likely to have genotoxic shifts in cells of children | NA *** | ||
Temporal | Asthma | Cardiovascular Health | Lung Injury from Inflammation | Bronchitis | School Absences | Hospital Admissions | ||||||||||
Utah Valley | Utah, USA (1985–1991) | Winter with Steel Mill Open compared to Steel Mill Closed | Children, adults (experimental) | ↑ | ↑ | NA | NA | ↑ | NA | NA | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | High number of neutrophils and inflammation | NA *** | |
Beijing | Beijing (2007–2016) | Before Compared to During Olympics | Adults | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | NA | NA | ↑ | ↓ | NA | NA | NA | ** toxic cellular responses | NA *** | |
Beijing (2007–2016) | During Olympics Compared to After | Pregnant Women, Adults | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | NA | NA | ↑ | ↑ | NA | NA | NA | lower cytotoxic responses |
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Weisenberg, H.; Zhao, T.; Heinrich, J. Combinations of Epidemiological and Experimental Studies in Air Pollution Research: A Narrative Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 385. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020385
Weisenberg H, Zhao T, Heinrich J. Combinations of Epidemiological and Experimental Studies in Air Pollution Research: A Narrative Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(2):385. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020385
Chicago/Turabian StyleWeisenberg, Hannah, Tianyu Zhao, and Joachim Heinrich. 2020. "Combinations of Epidemiological and Experimental Studies in Air Pollution Research: A Narrative Review" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 2: 385. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020385