Factors Associated with Alcohol-Related Injuries for Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Australians: An Observational Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethics
2.2. Study Design and Setting
2.3. Data Sources and Definitions
2.3.1. Emergency Department Presentation Data
2.3.2. Individual Characteristics
2.3.3. Community Characteristics
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Rates of Alcohol-Related Injuries
3.2. Community Variation in Differences between Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Rates of Alcohol-Related Injuries
3.3. Characteristics Associated with Alcohol-Related Injuries
4. Discussion
Methodological Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Alcohol-Related Injuries | Aboriginal | Non-Aboriginal | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Male | Female | |||||||||
N | ASR a | (99% CI) | N | ASR a | (99% CI) | N | ASR a | (99% CI) | N | ASR a | (99% CI) | |
Total Alcohol-Related Injuries | 3940 | 32.8 | (31.1–34.5) | 2671 | 24.6 | (23.1–26.2) | 70,119 | 9.6 | (9.5–9.6) | 49,104 | 6.4 | (6.3–6.5) |
Individual Characteristics | ||||||||||||
Age Group | ||||||||||||
13–17 | 607 | 25.7 | (23.1–28.5) | 464 | 21.6 | (19.1–24.3) | 6018 | 10.0 | (9.7–10.3) | 4660 | 8.2 | (7.9–8.5) |
18–22 | 962 | 49.3 | (45.3–53.6) | 571 | 34.7 | (31.1–38.6) | 13,688 | 22.5 | (22.0–23.0) | 7393 | 12.8 | (12.4–13.1) |
23–27 | 669 | 49.7 | (44.9–54.9) | 359 | 31.3 | (27.2–35.8) | 10,463 | 17.1 | (16.7–17.5) | 5449 | 8.8 | (8.5–9.1) |
28–32 | 432 | 42.4 | (37.3–47.9) | 275 | 28.9 | (24.6–33.7) | 7989 | 12.6 | (12.2–13.0) | 4308 | 6.6 | (6.3–6.9) |
33–37 | 330 | 40.1 | (34.6–46.1) | 223 | 28.1 | (23.5–33.3) | 6112 | 9.8 | (9.5–10.2) | 3375 | 5.3 | (5.1–5.6) |
38–42 | 299 | 32.4 | (27.8–37.5) | 241 | 23.8 | (20.0–28.1) | 5434 | 8.2 | (7.9–8.5) | 3341 | 4.8 | (4.6–5.0) |
43–47 | 246 | 30.9 | (26.0–36.3) | 208 | 24.6 | (20.5–29.4) | 4288 | 6.9 | (6.7–7.2) | 3098 | 4.9 | (4.7–5.1 |
48–52 | 174 | 30.3 | (24.7–36.7) | 130 | 21.8 | (17.2–27.3) | 3807 | 6.0 | (5.7–6.2) | 3035 | 4.6 | (4.4–4.8) |
53–57 | 114 | 31.4 | (24.3–39.8) | 83 | 22.8 | (16.8–30.0) | 2943 | 5.1 | (4.9–5.3) | 2612 | 4.4 | (4.2–4.6) |
58–62 | 54 | 25.3 | (17.3–35.6) | 54 | 21.6 | (14.8–30.4) | 2253 | 4.4 | (4.2–4.6) | 2080 | 3.9 | (3.7–4.1) |
63–67 | 22 | 21.4 | (11.5–36.2) | 22 | 20.5 | (11.0–34.7) | 1952 | 4.3 | (4.1–4.6) | 1737 | 3.8 | (3.6–4.0) |
68+ | 31 | 14.4 | (8.6–22.6) | 41 | 16.4 | (10.5–24.2) | 5172 | 5.2 | (5.0–5.4) | 8016 | 6.4 | (6.2–6.6) |
Community Characteristics | ||||||||||||
Remoteness | ||||||||||||
Major City | 1198 | 32.3 | (28.3–36.3) | 823 | 24.8 | (21.5–28.2) | 45,587 | 8.6 | (8.5–8.7) | 32,675 | 5.9 | (5.8–6.0) |
Regional | 2482 | 33.6 | (31.5–35.7) | 1609 | 23.9 | (22.0–25.7) | 23,700 | 12.1 | (11.8–12.3) | 15,952 | 7.6 | (7.4–7.8) |
Remote | 260 | 35.3 | (28.2–42.4) | 239 | 24.7 | (28.1–41.2) | 832 | 15.2 | (13.8–16.5) | 477 | 10.0 | (8.7–11.2) |
SES Quintile | ||||||||||||
1 (Least Disadvantaged) | 2310 | 42.2 | (17.2–67.4) | 61 | 25.1 | (15.7–34.5) | 13,325 | 7.5 | (7.3–7.7) | 10,393 | 5.4 | (5.3–5.6) |
2 | 317 | 30.3 | (21.3–39.4) | 239 | 29.3 | (22.6–36.1) | 13,812 | 8.6 | (8.5–8.8) | 9819 | 6.0 | (5.8–6.1) |
3 | 1206 | 31.9 | (29.0–34.7) | 748 | 23.1 | (20.3–26.0) | 17,424 | 10.3 | (10.1–10.5) | 12,095 | 6.9 | (6.7–7.0) |
4 | 1112 | 34.1 | (30.6–37.6) | 707 | 21.9 | (19.3–24.5) | 12,598 | 11.3 | (11.1–11.6) | 8462 | 7.2 | (7.0–7.4) |
5 (Most Disadvantaged | 1214 | 33.8 | (30.6–37.0) | 916 | 27.8 | (24.8–30.7) | 12,960 | 11.4 | (11.2–11.7) | 8335 | 7.0 | (6.8–7.2) |
Gender | Aboriginal (N = 13,987) | Non-Aboriginal (N = 283,469) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males | Females | Males | Females | |||||
RR a | 99% CI | RR a | 99% CI | RR a | 99% CI | RR a | 99% CI | |
Individual Characteristics | ||||||||
Age Patient | ||||||||
13–17 | 1.60 * | (1.32–1.93) | 1.42 * | (1.14–1.76) | 1.10 * | (1.05–1.15) | 1.53 * | (1.31–1.48) |
18–22 | 2.28 * | (1.91–2.73) | 1.87 * | (1.52–2.30) | 2.47 * | (2.36–2.57) | 2.18 * | (2.06–2.31) |
23–27 | 1.71 * | (1.42–2.06) | 1.31 * | (1.05–1.64) | 1.92 * | (1.83–2.00) | 1.67 * | (1.58–1.76) |
28–32 | 1.28 * | (1.04–1.56) | 1.06 | (0.84–1.34) | 1.47 * | (1.41–1.54) | 1.31 * | (1.23–1.40) |
33–37 | 1.03 | (0.83–1.28) | 0.99 | (0.78–1.28) | 1.12 * | (1.07–1.18) | 1.03 | (0.97–1.10) |
38–42 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
43–47 | 0.80 | (0.63–1.00) | 0.92 | (0.72–1.19) | 0.79 * | (0.75–0.84) | 0.94 | (0.88–1.01) |
48–52 | 0.71 * | (0.55–0.92) | 0.71 * | (0.53–0.96) | 0.71 * | (0.67–0.75) | 0.92 * | (0.86–0.98) |
53–57 | 0.58 * | (0.43–0.78) | 0.58 * | (0.41–0.81) | 0.54 * | (0.51–0.58) | 0.80 * | (0.75–0.86) |
58–62 | 0.44 * | (0.30–0.65) | 0.48 * | (0.32–0.72) | 0.43 * | (0.40–0.45) | 0.63 * | (0.59–0.68) |
63–67 | 0.36 * | (0.15–0.46) | 0.33 * | (0.19–0.60) | 0.36 * | (0.34–0.39) | 0.54 * | (0.50–0.59) |
68+ | 0.32 * | (0.20–0.54) | 0.48 * | (0.31–0.77) | 0.95 | (0.90–1.00) | 2.35 * | (2.22–2.49) |
Community Characteristics | ||||||||
SES | ||||||||
1 (Least Disadvantaged) (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
2 | 1.20 | (0.69–2.08) | 1.26 | (0.73–2.17) | 1.17 | (0.83–1.69) | 1.13 | (0.82–1.56) |
3 | 1.71 * | (1.02–2.86) | 1.54 | (0.91–2.59) | 1.45 * | (1.03–2.05) | 1.36 | (0.99–1.87) |
4 | 1.75 * | (1.03–2.97) | 1.48 | (0.87–2.53) | 1.47 * | (1.02–2.13) | 1.30 | (0.92–1.84) |
5 (Most Disadvantaged) | 1.65 | (0.96–2.84) | 1.54 | (0.90–2.64) | 1.56 * | (1.07–2.27) | 1.30 | (0.92–1.85) |
Remoteness | ||||||||
Major City (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Regional | 1.46 * | (1.05–2.03) | 1.55 | (1.13–2.11) | 0.64 * | (0.47–0.87) | 0.65 * | (0.49–0.87) |
Remote | 1.16 | (0.57–2.38) | 1.92 | (0.98–3.79) | 0.54 | (0.28–1.07) | 0.65 | (0.32–1.29) |
Liquor Licenses | ||||||||
Hotels | 0.65 * | (0.47–0.91) | 0.77 | (0.57–1.02) | 0.49 * | (41.5–58.2) | 0.50 * | (0.42–0.59) |
On-Venue | 1.02 | (0.91–1.14) | 0.99 | (0.89–1.11) | 1.07 | (99.7–1.14) | 1.08 * | (1.02–1.16) |
Packaged | 1.04 | (0.88–1.21) | 0.99 | (0.85–1.14) | 0.93 | (0.81–1.06) | 0.91 | (0.80–1.04) |
Population Characteristics # | ||||||||
Young Males | 1.07 * | (1.00–1.14) | 1.07 * | (1.00–1.14) | 1.11 * | (1.06–1.17) | 1.08 * | (1.03–1.14) |
Aboriginal | 1.02 | (0.99–1.04) | 1.00 | (0.98–2.64) | 0.98 | (0.96–1.00) | 0.98 | (0.96–1.01) |
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Snijder, M.; Calabria, B.; Dobbins, T.; Shakeshaft, A. Factors Associated with Alcohol-Related Injuries for Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Australians: An Observational Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 387. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020387
Snijder M, Calabria B, Dobbins T, Shakeshaft A. Factors Associated with Alcohol-Related Injuries for Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Australians: An Observational Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(2):387. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020387
Chicago/Turabian StyleSnijder, Mieke, Bianca Calabria, Timothy Dobbins, and Anthony Shakeshaft. 2020. "Factors Associated with Alcohol-Related Injuries for Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Australians: An Observational Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 2: 387. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020387