Impact of Age-Related Vision Changes on Driving
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Vision Assessment
2.3. Driving Simulator
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Visual Function
3.2. Driving Performance
3.3. Relationship between Age-Related Visual Impairment and Driving Performance
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item | Younger (Aged 25–40) | Older (Aged >55) | Total Sample |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) (mean ± SD) | 29.8 ± 4.4 | 62.3 ± 4.3 | 46.1 ± 17.0 |
Gender | |||
Male | 85.7% | 95.2% | 90.5% |
Female | 14.3% | 4.8% | 9.5% |
Driving experience (years) | |||
between 0 and 3 years | 0% | 0% | 0% |
between 3 and 5 years | 9.5% | 0% | 4.8% |
>5 years | 90.5% | 100% | 95.2% |
Distance driven in the past year (km) | |||
<500 | 0% | 0% | 0% |
500–999 | 14.3% | 0% | 7.7% |
1000–4999 | 33.3% | 16.7% | 25.6% |
>5000 | 47.6% | 83.3% | 64.1% |
No answer | 4.8% | 0% | 2.6% |
Driving frequency | |||
Daily | 42.9% | 38.9% | 41% |
Several times/week | 33.3% | 55.6% | 43.6% |
Once a week | 9.5% | 5.5% | 7.7% |
2–3 times/month | 14.3% | 0% | 7.7% |
Once a month or less | 0% | 0% | 0% |
Self-perceived driving ability | |||
Excellent | 19.0% | 11.1% | 15.4% |
Good | 61.9% | 55.6% | 59.0% |
Normal | 19.1% | 33.3% | 25.6% |
Fair/Poor | 0% | 0% | 0% |
Visual Parameter | Younger (Aged 25–40) | Older (Aged > 55) | t/Z | p-Value | Effect Size (Cohen’s d) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Binocular VA (log MAR) * | −0.06 ± 0.06 | −0.03 ± 0.06 | −1.688 | 0.091 | 0.5 |
Binocular CS (log CS) | 1.89 ± 0.10 | 1.71 ± 0.14 | 4.987 | <0.001 | 1.48 |
Binocular VDI * | 0.14 ± 0.03 | 0.32 ± 0.28 | −3.292 | 0.001 | 0.90 |
Log(straylight) | 0.89 ± 0.13 | 1.19 ± 0.11 | −7.703 | <0.001 | 2.49 |
Driving Performance Parameter | Younger (Aged 25–40) | Older (Aged > 55) | t/Z | p-Value | Effect Size (Cohen’s d) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dual Carriageway | |||||
Mean speed (km/h) | 118.44 ± 7.81 | 114.64 ± 10.53 | 1.316 | 0.196 | 1.36 |
Distance driven while encroaching the hard shoulder (m) | 72.98 ± 59.06 | 253.75 ± 215.45 | −3.708 | 0.001 | 1.14 |
SD steering wheel angular velocity (rad/s) | 0.16 ± 0.04 | 0.24 ± 0.06 | −4.907 | <0.001 | 1.57 |
Mountain Road | |||||
Mean speed (km/h) | 56.06 ± 2.25 | 56.59 ± 2.53 | −0.698 | 0.490 | 0.22 |
SDLP (m) | 0.51 ± 0.06 | 0.65 ± 0.13 | −4.567 | <0.001 | 1.38 |
Distance driven while encroaching the opposite lane (m) | 212.20 ± 116.61 | 593.04 ± 378.13 | −4.379 | <0.001 | 1.36 |
Distance driven while encroaching the hard shoulder (m) * | 20.35 ± 15.16 | 81.21 ± 74.29 | −3.709 | <0.001 | 1.14 |
Total distance driven outside the lane (m) | 265.77 ± 139.78 | 693.23 ± 377.33 | −4.853 | <0.001 | 1.50 |
SD steering wheel angular velocity (rad/s) | 0.63 ± 0.14 | 0.81 ± 0.26 | −2.812 | 0.008 | 0.86 |
City | |||||
Mean speed (km/h) | 32.02 ± 4.88 | 29.96 ± 6.37 | 2.842 | 0.007 | 0.36 |
SD steering wheel angular velocity (rad/s) | 1.13 ± 0.17 | 1.32 ± 0.17 | −3.529 | 0.001 | 1.12 |
Total Circuit | |||||
Total time (s) | 884.51 ± 44.62 | 958.05 ± 99.38 | −3.030 | 0.005 | 0.95 |
ODPS | 0.53 ± 0.28 | −0.50 ± 0.55 | 7.658 | <0.001 | 2.36 |
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Ortiz-Peregrina, S.; Ortiz, C.; Casares-López, M.; Castro-Torres, J.J.; Jiménez del Barco, L.; Anera, R.G. Impact of Age-Related Vision Changes on Driving. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7416. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207416
Ortiz-Peregrina S, Ortiz C, Casares-López M, Castro-Torres JJ, Jiménez del Barco L, Anera RG. Impact of Age-Related Vision Changes on Driving. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(20):7416. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207416
Chicago/Turabian StyleOrtiz-Peregrina, Sonia, Carolina Ortiz, Miriam Casares-López, José J. Castro-Torres, Luis Jiménez del Barco, and Rosario G. Anera. 2020. "Impact of Age-Related Vision Changes on Driving" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 20: 7416. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207416
APA StyleOrtiz-Peregrina, S., Ortiz, C., Casares-López, M., Castro-Torres, J. J., Jiménez del Barco, L., & Anera, R. G. (2020). Impact of Age-Related Vision Changes on Driving. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(20), 7416. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207416