Periodontal Conditions and Whole Salivary IL-17A and -23 Levels among Young Adult Cannabis sativa (Marijuana)-Smokers, Heavy Cigarette-Smokers and Non-Smokers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical Approval
2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
2.3. Questionnaire
2.4. Clinicoradiographic Periodontal Parameters
2.5. Periodontal Health and Staging and Grading of Periodontitis
2.6. Collection of Unstimulated Whole Saliva Samples and Determination of Whole Salivary IL-17A and IL-23 Levels
2.7. Assessment of Whole Salivary IL-17A and -23 Levels
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics of the Study Groups
3.2. Clinicoradiographic Status and Staging/Grading of Periodontitis
3.3. Salivary Flow Rate and Whole Salivary IL-17A and IL-23 Levels
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Marijuana-Smokers | Cigarette-Smokers | Non-Smokers with Periodontitis | Periodontally-Healthy Non-Smokers |
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of Individuals (n) | 15 | 15 | 16 | 15 |
Gender (male) | 15 | 15 | 16 | 15 |
Age in Years (mean ± SD) | 38.3 ± 0.5 years | 40.2 ± 0.5 years | 38.4 ± 0.7 years | 40.3 ± 0.4 years |
Duration of Marijuana-Smoking in Years (mean ± SD) | 11.1 ± 0.4 years | NA | NA | NA |
Daily Frequency of Marijuana-Smoking (times/day) | 10.6 ± 0.4 times daily | NA | NA | NA |
Duration of Cigarette-Smoking in Pack-years (mean ± SD) | NA | 43.6 ± 1.05 pack years | NA | NA |
Education Status | ||||
School-level (n) (%) | 12 (80%) | 9 (60%) | 6 (37.5%) | 0 |
College-level (n) (%) | 3 (20%) | 6 (40%) | 7 (43.8%) | 3 (25%) |
University-level (n) (%) | 0 | 0 | 3 (18.7%) | 12 (75%) |
Reasons for Marijuana or Cigarette Smoking | ||||
Stress-relief | 11 (73.3%) | 15 (100%) | NA | NA |
Helps with Concentration | 4 (26.7%) | 0 | NA | NA |
No reason | 0 | 0 | NA | NA |
Most recent visit to dentist/hygienist | ||||
Within 6 months | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Within 6–12-months | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 (60%) |
Over 1-year ago | 0 | 0 | 3 (18.7%) | 4 (26.7%) |
Over 2-years ago | 1 (6.7%) | 9 (60%) | 9 (56.3%) | 2 (13.3%) |
Over 3 years ago | 2 (13.3%) | 6 (40%) | 2 (12.5%) | 0 |
Don’t remember | 12 (80%) | 0 | 2 (12.5%) | 0 |
Daily Toothbrushing | ||||
Once daily | 12 (80%) | 9 (60%) | 11 (68.8%) | 13 (86.7%) |
Twice daily | 3 (20%) | 6 (40%) | 5 (31.2%) | 2 (13.3%) |
Flossing at least once Daily | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 (33.3%) |
Parameters (Mean ± SD) | Marijuana-Smokers (n = 15) | Cigarette-Smokers (n = 15) | Non-Smokers with Periodontitis (n = 16) | Periodontally-Healthy Non-Smokers (n = 15) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Plaque Index | 69.3 ± 8.2% | 63.4 ± 6.2% | 60.5 ± 9.1% | 10.3 ± 6.4% * |
Bleeding on Probing | 30.5 ± 4.8% † | 27.3 ± 5.1% † | 69.4 ± 12.2% | 9.6 ± 2.5% * |
Probing Depth | 7.1 ± 0.3 mm | 6.8 ± 0.2 mm | 4.5 ± 0.3 mm | 0.6 ± 0.08 mm * |
Clinical Attachment Loss | 6.2 ± 0.3 mm | 5.8 ± 0.2 mm | 4.3 ± 0.2 mm | 0.2 ± 0.02 mm * |
Marginal Bone Loss (a) (mesial) | 7.2 ± 0.5 mm | 6.2 ± 0.4 mm | 4.9 ± 0.3 mm | 0.2 ± 0.05 mm * |
Marginal Bone Loss (a) (distal) | 7.4 ± 0.3 mm | 6.08 ± 0.6 mm | 5.1 ± 0.4 mm | 0.2 ± 0.06 mm * |
Missing Teeth | 14.2 ± 2.3 teeth | 10.5 ± 1.3 teeth | 7.1 ± 0.3 teeth ‡ | 1.3 ± 0.04 teeth * |
Staging/Grading | Stage IV/Grade C | Stage IV/Grade C | Stage III/Grade C | NA |
Parameters | Marijuana-Smokers (n = 15) (Mean ± SD) | Cigarette-Smokers (n = 15) (Mean ± SD) | Non-Smokers with Periodontitis (n = 16) (Mean ± SD) | Periodontally-Healthy Non-Smokers (n = 15) (Mean ± SD) |
---|---|---|---|---|
SFR (mL/min) | 0.34 ± 0.01 mL/min * | 0.33 ± 0.01 mL/min | 0.35 ± 0.05 mL/min | 0.37 ± 0.02 mL/min |
IL-17A (pg/mL) | 27.3 ± 5.3 pg/mL † | 13.4 ± 1.2 pg/mL § | 5.2 ± 1.3 pg/mL ¶ | 0.4 ± 0.008 pg/mL |
IL-23 (pg/mL) | 239.4 ± 8.1 pg/mL ‡ | 125.2 ± 8.6 pg/mL ‖ | 66.1 ± 7.4 pg/mL # | 30.4 ± 0.05 pg/mL |
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Javed, F.; Al-Zawawi, A.S.; Allemailem, K.S.; Almatroudi, A.; Mehmood, A.; Divakar, D.D.; Al-Kheraif, A.A. Periodontal Conditions and Whole Salivary IL-17A and -23 Levels among Young Adult Cannabis sativa (Marijuana)-Smokers, Heavy Cigarette-Smokers and Non-Smokers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7435. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207435
Javed F, Al-Zawawi AS, Allemailem KS, Almatroudi A, Mehmood A, Divakar DD, Al-Kheraif AA. Periodontal Conditions and Whole Salivary IL-17A and -23 Levels among Young Adult Cannabis sativa (Marijuana)-Smokers, Heavy Cigarette-Smokers and Non-Smokers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(20):7435. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207435
Chicago/Turabian StyleJaved, Fawad, Abeer S. Al-Zawawi, Khaled S. Allemailem, Ahmad Almatroudi, Abid Mehmood, Darshan Devang Divakar, and Abdulaziz A. Al-Kheraif. 2020. "Periodontal Conditions and Whole Salivary IL-17A and -23 Levels among Young Adult Cannabis sativa (Marijuana)-Smokers, Heavy Cigarette-Smokers and Non-Smokers" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 20: 7435. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207435