Sexually Transmitted Infections and Associated Factors in Southeast Spain: A Retrospective Study from 2000 to 2014
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Organización Mundial de la Salud. Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual. 2019. Available online: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis) (accessed on 19 August 2020).
- An, Q.; Wejnert, C.; Bernstein, K.; Paz-Bailey, G. Syphilis screening and diagnosis among men who have sex with men, 2008–2014, 20 U.S. cities. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 2017, 75, S363–S369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Munain, J.L. Epidemiología y control actual de las infecciones de transmisión sexual. Papel de las unidades de ITS. Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol. Clin. 2019, 37, 45–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- William, H.; Blahd, J. MF-M de Emergencia & AHM-M Familiar & HMOMMmeF-M de Emergencia. Comportamiento Sexual de Alto Riesgo. Cigna. 2019. Available online: https://www.cigna.com/individuals-families/health-wellness/hw-en-espanol/temas-desalud/comportamiento-sexual-de-alto-riesgo-tw9064 (accessed on 19 August 2020).
- Johnston, L.G.; Alami, K.; El Rhilani, M.H.; Karkouri, M.; Mellouk, O.; Abadie, A.; Rafif, N.; Ouarsas, L.; Bennani, A.; Omari, B.E. HIV, syphilis and sexual risk behaviours among men who have sex with men in Agadir and Marrakesh, Morocco. Sex. Transm. Infect. 2013, 89, 45–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Godoy, P. La vigilancia y el control de las infecciones de transmisión sexual: Todavía un problema pendiente. Gac. Sanit. 2011, 25, 263–266. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Llácer, A.; Fernández-Cuenca, R.; Navarro, J.F.M. Crisis económica y patología infecciosa. Informe SESPAS 2014. Gac. Sanit. 2014, 28, 97–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Suhrcke, M.; Stuckler, D.; Suk, J.E.; Desai, M.; Senek, M.; McKee, M.; Tsolova, S.; Basu, S.; Abubakar, I.; Hunter, P.R.; et al. The impact of economic crises on communicable disease transmission and control: A systematic review of the evidence. PLoS ONE 2011, 6, e20724. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martínez García, M.F.; Sánchez, A.; Martínez, J. Crisis económica, salud e intervención psicosocial en España. Apunt. Psicol. 2017, 35, 5–24. [Google Scholar]
- Pérez-Morente, M.A.; Martín-Salvador, A.; Gázquez-López, M.; Femia-Marzo, P.; Pozo-Cano, M.D.; Hueso-Montoro, C.; Martínez-García, E. Economic Crisis and Sexually Transmitted Infections: A Comparison Between Native and Immigrant Populations in a Specialised Centre in Granada, Spain. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2480. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Dávila Quintana, C.D.; González López-Valcárcel, B. Crisis económica y salud. Gac. Sanit. 2009, 23, 261–265. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Meléndez, E.S. El mercado de trabajo español en la crisis económica (2008–2012): Desempleo y reforma laboral. Rev. Estud. Empresariales Segunda Época 2012, 2, 29–57. [Google Scholar]
- Valls, A.D.I.; Coll, A.S.; Rivera, E.O. ¿Migración neohispánica? El impacto de la crisis económica en la emigración española. Empiria Rev. Metodol. Las Cienc. Soc. 2014, 29, 39–66. [Google Scholar]
- Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar Social. Crisis Económica y Salud en España. Madrid. 2018. Available online: https://www.mscbs.gob.es/estadEstudios/estadisticas/docs/CRISIS_ECONOMICA_Y_SALUD.pdf (accessed on 3 September 2020).
- Pérez-Morente, M.A.; Sánchez-Ocón, M.T.; Martínez-García, E.; Martín-Salvador, A.; Hueso-Montoro, C.; García-García, I. Differences in Sexually Transmitted Infections between the Precrisis Period (2000–2007) and the Crisis Period (2008–2014) in Granada, Spain. J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, 277. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- McBride, O.; Morgan, K.; McGee, H. Irish Contraception and Crisis Pregnancy Study 2010 (ICCP-2010) A Survey of the General Population. Crisis Pregnancy Programme Report 2012, 24. Available online: https://www.sexualwellbeing.ie/for-professionals/research/research-reports/iccp-2010_report.pdf (accessed on 3 September 2020).
- Vallejo, S. El Virus de la Crisis Hace Estragos en la Salud. 2013. Available online: http://www.granadahoy.com/article/granada/1268438/sos/virus/la/crisis/hace/estragos/la/salud.htm (accessed on 25 August 2020).
- World Health Organization. Global Health Sector Strategy on Sexually Transmitted Infections, 2016–2021. Available online: https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/rtis/ghss-stis/en/ (accessed on 25 August 2020).
- Unidad de Vigilancia del VIH y Conductas de Riesgo. Vigilancia Epidemiológica de las Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual, 2017. Madrid: Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III/Plan Nacional sobre el Sida, Dirección General de Salud Pública, Calidad e Innovación. 2019. Available online: https://www.mscbs.gob.es/ciudadanos/enfLesiones/enfTransmisibles/sida/vigilancia/Vigilancia_ITS_1995_2017_def.pdf (accessed on 25 August 2020).
- INE: Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Principales Series de Población Desde 1998. Población por Provincias, Edad (3 Grupos de Edad), Españoles/Extranjeros, Sexo y año. INEbase. 2019. Available online: http://www.ine.es/jaxi/Tabla.htm?path=/t20/e245/p08/l0/&file=03001.px&L=0 (accessed on 25 August 2020).
- Llavero-Molino, I.; Sánchez-Ocón, M.T.; Pérez-Morente, M.A.; Espadafor-López, B.; Martín-Salvador, A.; Martínez-García, E.; Hueso-Montoro, C. Sexually Transmitted Infections and Associated Factors in Homosexuals and Bisexuals in Granada (Spain) during the Period 2000–2015. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2958. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Calatrava, M.; López-del Burgo, C.; Irala, J. Factores de riesgo relacionados con la salud sexual en los jóvenes europeos. Med. Clin. 2012, 138, 534–540. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Faílde Garrido, J.M.; Lameiras Fernández, M.; Bimbela Pedrola, J.L. Prácticas sexuales de chicos y chicas españoles de 14–24 años de edad. Gac. Sanit. 2008, 22, 511–519. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Leoni, A.F.; Martelloto, G.I.; Jakob, E.; Cohen, J.E.; Aranega, C.I. Sexual behavior and risk of sexually transmitted infections in medicine students of the National University of Cordoba. Dst. J. Bras. Doenças Sex. Transm. 2005, 17, 93–98. [Google Scholar]
- Catallozzi, M.; Bell, D.L.; Short, M.B.; Marcell, A.V.; Ebel, S.C.; Rosenthal, S.L. Does perception of relationship type impact sexual health risk? Sex. Transm. Dis. 2013, 40, 473–475. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Senn, T.E.; Carey, M.P. Age of partner at first adolescent intercourse and adult sexual risk behavior among women. J. Womens Health (Larchmt.) 2011, 20, 61–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Eaton, D.K.; Kann, L.; Kinchen, S.; Shanklin, S.; Flint, K.H.; Hawkins, J.; Harris, W.A.; Lowry, R.; McManus, T.; Chyen, D.; et al. Youth risk behavior surveillance—United States, 2011. Surveill. Summ. 2012, 61, 1–162. [Google Scholar]
- Conde Gutiérrez Del Álamo, F.; Santoro Domingo, P.; Grupo de Asesores en Adherencia al Tratamiento Antirretrovírico de Sida. Tipología, valores y preferencias de las personas con VIH e imaginarios de la infección: Resultados de un estudio cualitativo. Rev. Esp. Salud Publica 2012, 86, 139–152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Organista, K.C.; Worby, P.A.; Quesada, J.; Arreola, S.G.; Kral, A.H.; Khoury, S. Sexual health of Latino migrant day labourers under conditions of structural vulnerability. Cult. Health Sex. 2013, 15, 58–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Platt, L.; Grenfell, P.; Fletcher, A.; Sorhaindo, A.; Jolley, E.; Rhodes, T.; Bonell, C. Systematic review examining differences in HIV, sexually transmitted infections and health-related harms between migrant and nonmigrant female sex workers. Sex. Transm. Infect. 2013, 89, 311–319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gesink, D.C.; Sullivan, A.B.; Miller, W.C.; Bernstein, K.T. Sexually transmitted disease core theory: Roles of person, place, and time. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2011, 174, 81–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hernando Rovirola, C.; Ortiz-Barreda, G.; Galán Montemayor, J.C.; Sabidó Espin, M.; Casabona Barbarà, J. Infección VIH/Sida y otras infecciones de transmisión sexual en la población inmigrante en España: Revisión bibliográfica. Rev. Esp. Salud Publica 2014, 88, 763–781. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Morán Arribas, M.; Rivero, A.; Fernández, E.; Poveda, T.; Caylá, J.A. Burden of HIV infection, vulnerable populations and access barriers to health care. Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol. Clin. 2018, 36, 3–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Área de Vigilancia del VIH y Conductas de Riesgo. Epidemiología del VIH y de Otras Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual en Mujeres. España, Diciembre 2018. Madrid: Centro Nacional de Epidemiología-Instituto de Salud Carlos III/Plan Nacional sobre el Sida—Dirección General de Salud Pública, Calidad e Innovación. 2018. Available online: https://www.isciii.es/QueHacemos/Servicios/VigilanciaSaludPublicaRENAVE/EnfermedadesTransmisibles/Documents/archivos%20A-Z/INFECCION%20GONOCOCICA/InformeMujeres2018.pdf#search=infecciones%20de%20transmision%20sexual (accessed on 3 September 2020).
- Yáñez Álvarez, I.; Sánchez Alemán, M.A.; Conde González, C.J. Migration and sexual behavior effects on HIV infection among Mexican migrants to the USA. Enf. Inf. Microbiol. 2011, 31, 98–104. [Google Scholar]
- Folch, C.; Sanclemente, C.; Esteve, A.; Martró, E.; Molinos, S.; Casabona, J. Social characteristics, risk behaviours and differences in the prevalence of HIV/sexually transmitted infections between Spanish and immigrant female sex workers in Catalonia, Spain. Med. Clin. 2009, 132, 385–388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- del Romero Guerrero, J.; Rojas Castro, D.; Ballesteros Martín, J.; Clavo Escribano, P.; Menéndez Prieto, B. Prostitución: Un colectivo de riesgo. JANO 2004, LXVII, 106–108. [Google Scholar]
- Jacques-Aviñó, C.; de Andrés, A.; Roldán, L.; Fernández-Quevedo, M.; García de Olalla, P.; Díez, E.; Romaní, O.; Caylà, J.A. Trabajadores sexuales masculinos: Entre el sexo seguro y el riesgo. Etnografía en una sauna gay de Barcelona, España. Ciênc. Saúde Coletiva 2019, 24, 4707–4716. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Folch, C.; Casabonaa, J.; Sanclemente, C.; Esteve, A.; González, V.; Grupo HIVITS-TS1. Trends in HIV prevalence and associated risk behaviors in female sex workers in Catalonia (Spain). Gac. Sanit. 2014, 28, 196–202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Cabrerizo Egea, M.-J.; Barroso García, M.P.; Rodríguez-Contreras Pelayo, R. Infecciones de transmisión sexual en mujeres que ejercen la prostitución en Almería. Actual. Med. 2013, 789, 74–77. [Google Scholar]
- Belza, M.J.; Clavo, P.; Ballesteros, J.; Menéndez, B.; Castilla, J.; Sanz, S.; Jerez, N.; Rodríguez, C.; Sánchez, F.; Romero, J. Condiciones sociolaborales, conductas de riesgo y prevalencia de infecciones de transmisión sexual en mujeres inmigrantes que ejercen la prostitución en Madrid. Gac. Sanit. 2004, 18, 177–183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vall-Mayans, M.; Villa, M.; Saravanya, M.; Loureiro, E.; Meroño, M.; Arellano, E.; Sanz, B.; Saladié, P.; Andreu, A.; Codina, M. Sexually transmitted Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and HIV-1 infections in two at-risk populations in Barcelona: Female street prostitutes and STI clinic attendees. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2007, 11, 115–122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- del Amo, J.; Gonzalez, C.; Losana, J.; Clavo, P.; Munoz, L.; Ballesteros, J.; Garcia-Saiz, A.; Belza, M.; Ortiz, M.; Menendez, B.; et al. Influence of age and geographical origin in the prevalence of high risk human papilloma virus inmigrant female sex workers in Spain. Sex. Transm. Infect. 2005, 81, 79–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Vázquez, M.L.; Vargas, I.; Aller, M.B. The impact of the economic crisis on the health and healthcare of the immigrant population. SESPAS report 2014. Gac. Sanit. 2014, 28, 142–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Larrañaga, I.; Martín, U.; Bacigalupe, A. Sexual and reproductive health and the economic crisis in Spain. SESPAS report 2014. Gac. Sanit. 2014, 28, 109–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Joint Technical Mission: HIV in Greece 28–29 May 2012; ECDC: Stockholm, Sweden, 2013. Available online: https://ecdc.europa.eu/sites/portal/files/media/en/publications/Publications/hiv-joint-technical%20mission-HIV-in-Greece.pdf (accessed on 3 September 2020).
- Gilbert, P.A.; Rhodes, S.D. HIV Testing Among Immigrant Sexual and Gender Minority Latinos in a US Region with Little Historical Latino Presence. AIDS Patient Care STDs 2013, 27, 628–636. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pinedo, M.; Burgos, J.L.; Ojeda, V.D. A critical review of social and structural conditions that influence HIV risk among Mexican deportees. Microbes Infect. 2014, 16, 379–390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Blanc Molina, A.; Rojas Tejada, A.J. Uso del preservativo, número de parejas y debut sexual en jóvenes en coito vaginal, sexo oral y sexo anal. Rev. Int. 2018, 16, 8–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ward, J.; Wand, H.; Bryant, J.; Delaney-Thiele, D.; Worth, H.; Pitts, M.; Byron, K.; Moore, E.; Donovan, B.; Kaldo, J.M. Prevalence and Correlates of a Diagnosis of Sexually Transmitted Infection Among Young Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People: A National Survey. Sex. Transm. Dis. 2016, 43, 177–184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Velo-Higueras, C.; Cuéllar-Flores, I.; Sainz-Costa, T.; Navarro-Gómez, M.L.; García-Navarro, C.; Fernández-McPhee, C.; Ramírez, A.; Bisbal, O.; Blazquez-Gameroa, D.; Ramos-Amadorb, J.T.; et al. Jóvenes y VIH. Conocimiento y conductas de riesgo de un grupo residente en España. Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol. Clin. 2019, 37, 176–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pérez-Morente, M.A.; Campos-Escudero, A.; Sánchez-Ocon, M.T.; Hueso-Montoro, C. Características sociodemográficas, indicadores de riesgo y atención sanitaria en relación a infecciones de transmisión sexual en población inmigrante de Granada. Rev. Esp. Salud Pública 2019, 93, 1–13. [Google Scholar]
- Acién Alvarez, P. Planificación Familiar: Fisiología Reproductiva. Sexualidad, Anticoncepción y ETS; Molloy: Alicante, Spain, 2002; p. 522. [Google Scholar]
- CSDH. Closing the Gap in a Generation: Health Equity through Action on the social Determinants of Health. Final Report of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2008; Available online: https://www.who.int/social_determinants/final_report/csdh_finalreport_2008.pdf (accessed on 1 September 2020).
- Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad. Comisión Para Reducir las Desigualdades Sociales en Salud en España. Avanzando Hacia la Equidad. Propuestas de Políticas E Intervenciones Para Reducir las Desigualdades Sociales en Salud en España. 2015. Available online: https://www.mscbs.gob.es/profesionales/saludPublica/prevPromocion/promocion/desigualdadSalud/docs/Propuesta_Politicas_Reducir_Desigualdades.pdf (accessed on 1 September 2020).
- Smith, J. Overcoming the ‘tyranny of the urgent’: Integrating gender into disease outbreak preparedness and response. Gend. Dev. 2019, 27, 355–369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Advisory Committee on Equal Opportunities for Women and Men. European Commision Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities. Opinion on the Gender Perspective on the Response to the Economic and Financial Crisis. 2009. Available online: file:///C:/Users/USUARIO/Downloads/Opinion%20economic%20crisis.pdf (accessed on 1 September 2020).
- Walby, S. Gender and the Financial Crisis. Paper for UNESCO Proyect on Gender and the Financial Crisis. 2009. Available online: https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/fass/doc_library/sociology/Gender_and_financial_crisis_Sylvia_Walby.pdf (accessed on 1 September 2020).
- Seguino, S. The global economic crisis, its gender implications and policy responses. Gend. Dev. 2010, 18, 179–199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gálvez-Muñoz, L.; Rodríguez-Madroño, P. La desigualdad de género en las crisis económicas. Investig. Fem. 2011, 2, 113–132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gálvez-Muñoz, L. La brecha de género en la crisis económica. USTEA 2012, 4–5. [Google Scholar]
- Borrel, C.; Rodríguez-Sanz, M.; Bartoll, X.; Malmusi, D.; Novoa, A.M. El sufrimiento de la población en la crisis económica del Estado español. Salud Colect. 2014, 10, 95–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Unidad de Vigilancia de VIH y Comportamientos de Riesgo. Vigilancia Epidemiológica del VIH y Sida en España 2019: Sistema de Información Sobre Nuevos Diagnósticos de VIH y Registro Nacional de Casos de Sida. Plan Nacional sobre el Sida. D.G de Salud Pública, Calidad e Innovación/Centro Nacional de Epidemiología. ISCIII. Madrid. 2019. Available online: https://www.mscbs.gob.es/ciudadanos (accessed on 1 September 2020).
- Robert, G.; Martínez, J.M.; García, A.M.; Benavides, F.G.; Ronda, E. From the boom to the crisis: Changes in employment conditions of immigrants in Spain and their effects on mental health. Eur. J. Public Health 2014, 24, 404–409. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Malmusi, D.; Borrel, C.; Benach, J. Migration-related health inequalities: Showing the complex interactions between gender, social class and place of origin. Soc. Sci. Med. 2010, 71, 1610–1690. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dahlen, H.G.; Schmied, V.; Dennis, C.L.; Thornton, C. Rates of obstetric intervention during birth for low risk women born in Australia compared to those born overseas. BMC Pregnancy Child 2013, 13, 100. [Google Scholar]
Variables | Negative STI Diagnosis | Positive STI Diagnosis | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Mean (SD) | n | Mean (SD) | ||
Age (n = 678) | 234 | 31.21 (10.62) | 444 | 28.16 (8.27) | <0.001 |
n | % | n | % | ||
Sex (n = 678) | |||||
Female | 76 | 32.5% | 213 | 48% | <0.001 |
Male | 158 | 67.5% | 231 | 52% | |
Nationality (n = 663) | |||||
Spanish | 178 | 78.8% | 326 | 74.6% | 0.234 |
Non-Spanish | 48 | 21.2% | 111 | 25.4% | |
Occupation (n = 622) | |||||
Sex worker/Former sex worker | 13 | 6.4% | 72 | 17.2% | <0.001 |
Other occupations | 191 | 93.6% | 346 | 82.8% | |
Employment status (n = 607) | |||||
Employed | 97 | 46.4% | 204 | 51.3% | 0.257 |
Unemployed | 112 | 53.6% | 194 | 48.7% | |
Level of education (n = 632) | |||||
No education/Primary education | 43 | 19.8% | 77 | 18.6% | 0.926 |
Secondary education | 72 | 33.2% | 141 | 34% | |
Higher education | 102 | 47% | 197 | 47.5% | |
Economic crisis (n = 678) | |||||
Yes (2008–2014) | 80 | 34.2% | 243 | 54.7% | <0.001 |
No (2000–2007) | 154 | 65.8% | 201 | 45.3% |
Variables | Negative STI Diagnosis | Positive STI Diagnosis | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | ||
Reason for visit (n = 678) | |||||
HIV | 67 | 28.7% | 151 | 34% | 0.156 |
Other reasons | 167 | 71.3% | 293 | 66% | |
Previous treatment (n = 456) | |||||
Yes | 53 | 40.8% | 107 | 32.8% | 0.108 |
No | 77 | 59.2% | 219 | 67.2% | |
n | Mean (SD) | n | Mean (SD) | ||
No. of subsequent visits (n = 667) | 229 | 0.95 (1.01) | 438 | 1.30 (1.41) | 0.001 |
No. of new subsequent episodes (n = 668) | 229 | 0.34 (0.67) | 439 | 0.79 (1.24) | <0.001 |
Variables | Negative STI Diagnosis | Positive STI Diagnosis | p | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | ||||||
Sexual orientation identity (n = 649) | 0.250 | ||||||||
Heterosexual | 190 | 85.6 | 351 | 82.2 | |||||
Bisexual | 11 | 5 | 17 | 4 | |||||
Homosexual | 21 | 9.5 | 59 | 13.8 | |||||
Regular partner (n = 627) | |||||||||
Yes | 141 | 66.8 | 282 | 67.8 | 0.808 | ||||
No | 70 | 33.2 | 134 | 32.2 | |||||
Regular partner having symptoms (n = 242) | |||||||||
Yes | 32 | 42.1 | 68 | 41 | 0.867 | ||||
No | 44 | 57.9 | 98 | 59 | |||||
Drug use (n = 284) | |||||||||
Yes | 24 | 26.4 | 78 | 40.4 | 0.021 | ||||
No | 67 | 73.6 | 115 | 59.6 | |||||
Previous STIs (n = 534) | 0.415 | ||||||||
Yes | 40 | 22.2 | 90 | 25.4 | |||||
No | 140 | 77.8 | 264 | 74.6 | |||||
n | Mean (SD) | n | Mean (SD) | p | |||||
No. of days since last sexual contact without a condom (n = 382) | 123 | 2.71 (0.87) | 259 | 3.29 (0.83) | 0.001 | ||||
No. of partners in the last month (n = 629) | 209 | 1.40 (1.01) | 420 | 1.87 (1.49) | <0.001 | ||||
No. of partners in the last year (n = 626) | 208 | 2.33 (1.6) | 418 | 3.05 (2.06) | <0.001 | ||||
Sex life (n = 114) | 45 | 1.84 (0.90) | 99 | 1.97 (0.88) | 0.436 | ||||
Age of first sexual intercourse (n = 318) | 86 | 18.23 (2.9) | 232 | 17.49 (3.1) | 0.054 |
Variables (Reference Category or Units) | OR | (95% CI) |
---|---|---|
Crisis (yes) | 1.88 | (1.28–2.76) |
Crisis (yes) × Sex (women) | 2.35 | (1.24–4.44) |
Sex (women) × Nationality (Non-Spanish) | 2.09 | (1.22–3.57) |
Age (years) | 0.97 | (0.95–0.98) |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Pérez-Morente, M.Á.; Gázquez-López, M.; Álvarez-Serrano, M.A.; Martínez-García, E.; Femia-Marzo, P.; Pozo-Cano, M.D.; Martín-Salvador, A. Sexually Transmitted Infections and Associated Factors in Southeast Spain: A Retrospective Study from 2000 to 2014. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7449. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207449
Pérez-Morente MÁ, Gázquez-López M, Álvarez-Serrano MA, Martínez-García E, Femia-Marzo P, Pozo-Cano MD, Martín-Salvador A. Sexually Transmitted Infections and Associated Factors in Southeast Spain: A Retrospective Study from 2000 to 2014. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(20):7449. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207449
Chicago/Turabian StylePérez-Morente, María Ángeles, María Gázquez-López, María Adelaida Álvarez-Serrano, Encarnación Martínez-García, Pedro Femia-Marzo, María Dolores Pozo-Cano, and Adelina Martín-Salvador. 2020. "Sexually Transmitted Infections and Associated Factors in Southeast Spain: A Retrospective Study from 2000 to 2014" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 20: 7449. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207449