Pilot Test on Pre-Swim Hygiene as a Factor Limiting Trihalomethane Precursors in Pool Water by Reducing Organic Matter in an Operational Facility
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Research Goals
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preliminary Research
2.2. Characteristics of Participating Swimming Pools
Pool A
Pool B
Pool C
Pool D
Sampling
2.3. Main Experiment
- Stage 1: assessment of DOC and THM (including chloroform) concentrations prior to the introduction of showering control,
- Stage 2: assessment of DOC and THM (including chloroform) concentrations when showering was controlled in the facility,
- Stage 3: assessment of DOC and THM (including chloroform) concentrations after abandoning showering control.
2.4. Method for Determining THMs in Pool Water
- trichloromethane (chloroform): from 0.27 μg/L to 30 μg/L (300 μg/L *),
- bromodichloromethane: from 0.30 μg/L to 30 μg/L (300 μg/L *),
- dibromochloromethane: from 0.23 μg/L to 15 μg/L (150 μg/L *),
- tribromomethane: from 0.31 μg/L to 15 μg/L (150 μg/L *).
2.5. Method of DOC Determination
3. Results
3.1. Preliminary Research Results
3.2. Main Experiment Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Country | Maximum Concentration | Free Chlorine | Combined Chlorine | pH | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(μg/L) | (mg/L) | (mg/L) | (−) | ||
Germany | 20 | chloroform | 0.3–0.6 | 0.2 | 6.5–7.6 |
Switzerland | 30 | THMs | <3.0 | 0.2 | 7.2–7.8 |
Belgium | 100 | chloroform | 0.3–1.4 | 0.6 | 6.9–7.7 |
United Kingdom | 100 | THMs | 1.0–2.0 | 0.2 | − |
Poland | 100 | THMs | 0.3–0.6 | 0.3 | 6.5–7.6 |
30 | chloroform | ||||
United States | 80 (drinking water) | THMs | 1–5 (2–4) | 7.4–7.6 |
Experiment Stage | Date of Water Sample Collection | At the Sampling Point | Air Temperature | Average Hourly Number of People between Sampling | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water Temperature | Free Chlorine ** | Redox | pH | ||||
(°C) | (ppm) | (mV) | (-) | (°C) | |||
Stage 1 observation | Mar 18 8:15 a.m. | 27.7 | 0.40 | 682 | 7.10 | 25.0 | 168 |
Mar 19 3:00 p.m. | 27.7 | 0.25 | 645 | 7.09 | 25.5 | 448 | |
Mar 21 5:30 p.m. | 27.8 | 0.44 | 678 | 7.10 | 25.0 | 415 | |
Stage 2 showering control | Mar 25 3:00 p.m.* | 27.5 | 0.29 | 699 | 7.10 | 25.1 | 221 |
Mar 26 3:00 p.m.* | 27.7 | 0.33 | 677 | 7.13 | 24.9 | 315 | |
Mar 27 2:50 p.m.* | 27.8 | 0.30 | 730 | 7.12 | 25.4 | 227 | |
Mar 28 2:30 p.m.* | 27.8 | 0.30 | 709 | 7.12 | 25.1 | 287 | |
Mar 29 10:00 a.m.* | 27.7 | 0.38 | 714 | 7.07 | 24.9 | 208 | |
Stage 3 no showering control | Mar 30 4:00 p.m. | 28.2 | 0.39 | 692 | 7.10 | 25.6 | 211 |
Mar 31 4:00 p.m. | 28.0 | 0.40 | 674 | 7.07 | 25.1 | 38 | |
Apr 01 3:00 p.m. | 27.7 | 0.50 | 686 | 7.02 | 26.1 | 363 | |
Apr 02 1:30 p.m. | 28.0 | 0.45 | 690 | 7.10 | 26.1 | 277 | |
Apr 03 3:00 p.m. | 27.8 | 0.33 | 640 | 7.11 | 26.1 | 296 | |
Apr 04 11:00 a.m. | 28.2 | 0.40 | 650 | 7.10 | 26.5 | 132 | |
Average | 27.8 ± 0.2 | 0.37 ± 0.07 | 683.3 ± 26 | 7.1 ± 0.03 | 25.5 ± 0.53 | 350 people/day |
Experiment Stages | Date of Water Sample Collection | DOC | TClM | BrDClM | DBrClM | TBrM | ∑THM |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(mg/L) | (μg/L) | (μg/L) | (μg/L) | (μg/L) | (μg/L) | ||
Stage 1 observation | Mar 18 8:15 a.m. | 6.59 | 42.5 | 2.79 | <0.31 | <0.30 | 45.3 |
Mar 19 3:00 p.m. | 6.17 | 32.3 | 1.53 | <0.31 | <0.30 | 33.8 | |
Mar 21 5:30 p.m. | 6.69 | 31.2 | 1.83 | <0.31 | <0.30 | 33.0 | |
Stage 2 showering control | Mar 25 3:00 p.m.* | 6.10 | 26.6 | 2.27 | <0.31 | <0.30 | 28.9 |
Mar 26 3:00 p.m.* | 6.10 | 24.9 | 1.50 | <0.31 | <0.30 | 26.4 | |
Mar 27 2:50 p.m.* | 6.11 | 33.2 | 2.04 | <0.31 | <0.30 | 35.2 | |
Mar 28 2:30 p.m.* | 6.15 | 33.3 | 2.04 | <0.31 | <0.30 | 35.3 | |
Mar 29 10:00 a.m.* | 6.01 | 28.8 | 1.83 | <0.31 | <0.30 | 30.6 | |
Stage 3 no showering control | Mar 30 4:00 p.m. | 6.66 | 47.4 | 2.67 | <0.31 | <0.30 | 50.1 |
Mar 31 4:00 p.m. | 6.57 | 53.9 | 2.95 | <0.31 | <0.30 | 56.9 | |
Apr 01 3:00 p.m. | 6.89 | 45.1 | 2.78 | <0.31 | <0.30 | 47.9 | |
Apr 02 1:30 p.m. | 6.39 | 37.2 | 2.59 | <0.31 | <0.30 | 39.8 | |
Apr 03 3:00 p.m. | 6.49 | 46.5 | 3.17 | 0.39 | <0.30 | 49.7 | |
Apr 04 11:00 a.m. | 6.61 | 48.2 | 3.23 | 0.4 | <0.30 | 50.5 |
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Ratajczak, K.; Pobudkowska, A. Pilot Test on Pre-Swim Hygiene as a Factor Limiting Trihalomethane Precursors in Pool Water by Reducing Organic Matter in an Operational Facility. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7547. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207547
Ratajczak K, Pobudkowska A. Pilot Test on Pre-Swim Hygiene as a Factor Limiting Trihalomethane Precursors in Pool Water by Reducing Organic Matter in an Operational Facility. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(20):7547. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207547
Chicago/Turabian StyleRatajczak, Katarzyna, and Aneta Pobudkowska. 2020. "Pilot Test on Pre-Swim Hygiene as a Factor Limiting Trihalomethane Precursors in Pool Water by Reducing Organic Matter in an Operational Facility" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 20: 7547. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207547