Meconium Exposure to Phthalates, Sex and Thyroid Hormones, Birth Size and Pregnancy Outcomes in 251 Mother–Infant Pairs from Shanghai
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Measurement of Pregnancy Outcomes and Birth Size Parameters
2.3. Determination of Phthalate Metabolites in the Meconium Samples
2.4. Measurement of Sex Hormones and Thyroid Hormones
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Population Characteristics
3.2. The Concentrations of Phthalate Metabolites in Meconium Samples
3.3. Birth Size Parameters and Pregnancy Outcomes in Association with Meconium Exposure to Phthalates in the Overall Newborns
3.4. Birth Size Parameters and Pregnancy Outcomes in Association with Meconium Exposure to Phthalates in Female and Male Newborns
3.5. Sex and Thyroid Hormones in Association with Meconium Exposure to Phthalates in the Overall Newborns
3.6. Sex and Thyroid Hormones in Association with Meconium Exposure to Phthalates in Female and Male Newborns
4. Discussion
4.1. Meconium Exposure to Phthalates
4.2. Phthalates, Birth Size Parameters and Pregnancy Outcomes
4.3. Phthalates, Sex and Thyroid Hormones
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | |
---|---|
Age, (GM (IQR), years) | 29.0 (27.0, 31.0) |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (GM (IQR), kg/m2) | 21.7 (19.2, 23.5) |
Gestational age (GM (IQR), weeks) | 38.9 (38.0, 40.0) |
Premature rupture of membrane, n (%) | 59 (23.5) |
Gestational diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 35 (13.9) |
Characteristics | Male (n = 118) | Female (n = 133) |
---|---|---|
Birth weight, (GM (IQR), g) | 3360.6 (3120.0, 3632.5) | 3255.9 (3027.5, 3512.5) |
Birth length, (GM (IQR), cm) | 50.1 (50.0, 50.0) | 50.0 (50.0, 50.0) |
Head circumference, (GM (IQR), cm) | 34.0 (34.0, 35.0) | 34.0 (34.0, 34.0) |
Abdominal circumference, (GM (IQR), mm) | 321.0 (314.0, 329.8) | 318.3 (309.8, 329.0) |
Biparietal diameter, (GM (IQR), mm) | 91.5 (89.0, 94.0) | 90.4 (88.8, 92.0) * |
Femur length, (GM (IQR), mm) | 68.0 (66.0, 69.0) | 68.3 (66.0, 71.0) |
Anogenital distance, (GM (IQR), mm) | 3.7 (3.0, 5.0) | 1.4 (1.0, 2.0) * |
Phthalate Metabolites | Gender a | Percentile | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | 25th | 50th | 75th | Max | GM | ||
MMP | M | 0.30 | 1.71 | 2.64 | 4.24 | 55.0 | 2.60 |
F | 0.30 | 1.45 | 2.55 | 4.86 | 32.10 | 2.43 | |
MEP | M | 0.57 | 0.57 | 1.27 | 2.02 | 10.60 | 1.25 |
F | 0.57 | 0.57 | 1.54 | 2.31 | 13.50 | 1.42 | |
MnBP | M | 0.19 | 20.98 | 26.60 | 35.5 | 96.60 | 26.64 |
F | 0.19 | 18.30 | 28.50 | 41.05 | 271.00 | 18.40 | |
MiBP | M | 0.19 | 15.50 | 24.10 | 37.55 | 224.0 | 24.05 |
F | 0.19 | 19.90 | 28.60 | 56.75 | 281.0 | 20.31 | |
MBzP | M | 0.85 | 1.19 | 1.73 | 3.48 | 4.93 | 1.90 |
F | 1.39 | 1.64 | 1.86 | 2.48 | 3.70 | 3.70 | |
MEHP | M | 0.02 | 34.48 | 67.30 | 95.65 | 228.0 | 51.82 |
F | 0.02 | 23.85 | 55.60 | 102.75 | 311.0 | 26.61 | |
MEOHP | M | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.59 | 0.88 | 3.78 | 0.29 |
F | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.54 | 0.95 | 2.67 | 0.25 | |
MECPP | M | 0.002 | 0.03 | 0.15 | 0.84 | 11.7 | 0.15 |
F | 0.004 | 0.03 | 0.16 | 1.00 | 16.4 | 0.18 | |
MEHHP | M | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.59 | 1.39 | 5.37 | 0.40 |
F | 2.71 | 0.05 | 0.52 | 1.39 | 4.58 | 0.40 | |
MCMHP | M | 0.03 | 0.72 | 1.31 | 2.69 | 38.60 | 0.92 |
F | 0.03 | 0.03 | 1.32 | 3.41 | 93.10 | 0.76 |
Phthalate Metabolites | Female (BL) | Male (BL) | Female (FL) | Male (FL) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β (95%CI) | p | β (95%CI) | p | β (95%CI) | p | β (95%CI) | p | |
MMP | 0.001 (−0.001, 0.004) | 0.346 | 0.001 (−0.001, 0.004) | 0.318 | <0.001 (−0.007, 0.007) | 0.997 | −0.002 (−0.010, 0.005) | 0.548 |
MEP | 0.003 (−0.001, 0.007) | 0.106 | <0.001 (−0.003, 0.003) | 0.924 | <0.001 (−0.010, 0.010) | 0.982 | 0.004 (−0.004, 0.013) | 0.320 |
MnBP | 0.003 (0.001, 0.004) | 0.002 | 0.003 (0.001, 0.006) | 0.019 | 0.001 (−0.004, 0.005) | 0.674 | -0.007 (−0.016, 0.003) | 0.162 |
MiBP | 0.003 (0.001, 0.004) | 0.002 | 0.003 (0.001, 0.006) | 0.005 | <0.001 (−0.008, 0.008) | 0.943 | <0.001 (−0.005, 0.004) | 0.809 |
MEHP | 0.002 (0.002, 0.003) | 0.002 | 0.001 (<0.001, 0.003) | 0.108 | <0.001 (−0.003, 0.003) | 0.963 | <0.001 (−0.005, 0.006) | 0.932 |
MEOHP | 0.001 (−0.001, 0.003) | 0.465 | <0.001 (−0.002, 0.001) | 0.899 | 0.006 (0.001, 0.011) | 0.016 | 0.005 (<0.001, 0.009) | 0.032 |
MECPP | <0.001 (−0.002, 0.001) | 0.682 | <0.001 (−0.001, 0.001) | 0.916 | 0.003 (<0.001, 0.007) | 0.080 | 0.003 (−0.001, 0.006) | 0.098 |
MEHHP | <0.001 (−0.002, 0.002) | 0.830 | 0.001 (−0.001, 0.002) | 0.397 | 0.006 (0.001, 0.011) | 0.023 | 0.001 (−0.003, 0.005) | 0.538 |
MCMHP | 0.001 (−0.001, 0.002) | 0.466 | <0.001 (−0.002, 0.001) | 0.556 | 0.004 (<0.001, 0.007) | 0.037 | −0.001 (−0.004, 0.003) | 0.768 |
Phthalate Metabolites | Female (AC) a | Male (AC) a | Female (Gestational Age) b | Male (Gestational Age) b | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β (95%CI) | p | β (95%CI) | p | β (95%CI) | p | β (95%CI) | p | |
MMP | 0.001 (−0.005, 0.007) | 0.764 | −0.005 (−0.013, 0.003) | 0.247 | 0.002 (−0.002, 0.007) | 0.315 | <0.001 (−0.008, 0.008) | 0.977 |
MEP | 0.004 (−0.006, 0.013) | 0.446 | −0.001 (−0.010, 0.008) | 0.868 | 0.001 (−0.006, 0.007) | 0.794 | 0.001 (−0.008, 0.010) | 0.827 |
MnBP | 0.001 (−0.003, 0.005) | 0.584 | −0.002 (−0.012, 0.008) | 0.749 | 0.002 (−0.001, 0.004) | 0.292 | 0.009 (0.001, 0.017) | 0.029 |
MiBP | <0.001 (−0.004, 0.004) | 0.928 | −0.002 (0.010, 0.006) | 0.642 | 0.001 (−0.002, 0.004) | 0.561 | 0.005 (−0.002, 0.012) | 0.186 |
MEHP | 0.001 (−0.002, 0.004) | 0.445 | 0.003 (−0.003, 0.009) | 0.251 | 0.002 (<0.001, 0.003) | 0.112 | 0.005 (<0.001, 0.010) | 0.061 |
MEOHP | 0.003 (−0.002, 0.008) | 0.205 | 0.002 (−0.002, 0.007) | 0.308 | 0.002 (−0.022, 0.027) | 0.843 | 0.001 (−0.003, 0.004) | 0.713 |
MECPP | <0.001 (−0.004, 0.003) | 0.796 | 0.004 (0.001, 0.007) | 0.021 | −0.004 (−0.022, 0.013) | 0.636 | 0.001 (−0.001, 0.003) | 0.361 |
MEHHP | 0.001 (−0.004, 0.006) | 0.638 | 0.002 (−0.003, 0.006) | 0.471 | −0.001 (−0.026, 0.023) | 0.921 | 0.001 (−0.003, 0.004) | 0.759 |
MCMHP | 0.003 (<0.001, 0.006) | 0.056 | <0.001 (−0.004, 0.003) | 0.797 | −0.003 (−0.019, 0.014) | 0.748 | 0.001 (−0.001, 0.004) | 0.211 |
Phthalate Metabolites | Female (GDM) | Male (GDM) | Female (PROM) | Male (PROM) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β (95%CI) | p | β (95%CI) | p | β (95%CI) | p | β (95%CI) | p | |
MMP | 1.594 (0.920, 2.761) | 0.096 | 1.533 (0.776, 3.107) | 0.213 | 1.040 (0.699, 1.548) | 0.845 | 1.430 (0.829, 2.468) | 0.198 |
MEP | 1.703 (0.826, 3.514) | 0.149 | 1.396 (0.394, 4.949) | 0.605 | 1.863 (1.009, 3.438) | 0.047 | 1.146 (0.589, 2.230) | 0.688 |
MnBP | 1.454 (0.835, 2.533) | 0.186 | 3.102 (0.869, 11.207) | 0.084 | 0.984 (0.747, 1.295) | 0.906 | 2.595 (1.062, 6.344) | 0.036 |
MiBP | 1.237 (0.819, 1.869) | 0.311 | 2.341 (1.009, 5.432) | 0.048 | 1.194 (0.879, 1.622) | 0.257 | 1.121 (0.652, 1.927) | 0.680 |
MEHP | 1.304 (0.877, 1.937) | 0.189 | 3.506 (1.239, 9.924) | 0.018 | 1.176 (0.922, 1.500) | 0.192 | 1.326 (0.848, 2.074) | 0.216 |
MEOHP | 0.979 (0.674, 1.422) | 0.910 | 2.794 (0.516, 15.135) | 0.233 | 1.146 (0.839, 1.564) | 0.391 | 1.142 (0.815, 1.599) | 0.441 |
MECPP | 1.029 (0.793, 1.336) | 0.829 | 1.148 (0.685, 1.925) | 0.600 | 1.031 (0.831, 1.278) | 0.784 | 1.108 (0.860, 1.426) | 0.428 |
MEHHP | 0.863 (0.600, 1.240) | 0.425 | 1.145 (0.602, 2.176) | 0.680 | 1.059 (0.777, 1.445) | 0.715 | 1.023 (0.754, 1.387) | 0.885 |
MCMHP | 1.018 (0.794, 1.305) | 0.890 | 1.364 (0.755, 2.462) | 0.304 | 1.078(0.876, 1.327) | 0.477 | 1.170 (0.884, 1.549) | 0.273 |
Phthalate Metabolites | Female (E2) | Male (E2) | Female (TSH) | Male (TSH) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β (95%CI) | p | β (95%CI) | p | β (95%CI) | p | β (95%CI) | p | |
MMP | 0.007 (−0.025, 0.039) | 0.668 | 0.044 (0.001, 0.086) | 0.044 | −0.036 (−0.069, 0.003) | 0.033 | −0.017 (−0.069, 0.035) | 0.520 |
MEP | 0.008 (−0.040, 0.055) | 0.749 | 0.023 (−0.025, 0.071) | 0.340 | −0.011 (−0.060, 0.039) | 0.673 | 0.063 (0.007, 0.120) | 0.029 |
MnBP | 0.007 (−0.015, 0.029) | 0.538 | 0.026 (−0.027, 0.080) | 0.333 | −0.018 (−0.041, 0.004) | 0.112 | −0.011 (−0.076, 0.053) | 0.728 |
MiBP | 0.010 (−0.011, 0.031) | 0.329 | 0.046 (0.004, 0.088) | 0.031 | −0.018 (−0.039, 0.004) | 0.111 | −0.005 (−0.056, 0.047) | 0.860 |
MEHP | 0.007 (−0.008, 0.022) | 0.363 | −0.005 (−0.037, 0.027) | 0.759 | −0.013 (−0.028, 0.002) | 0.097 | −0.034 (−0.072, 0.004) | 0.075 |
MEOHP | 0.002 (−0.022, 0.027) | 0.843 | 0.021 (−0.003, 0.046) | 0.081 | 0.020 (−0.006, 0.046) | 0.123 | 0.007 (−0.023, 0.036) | 0.654 |
MECPP | −0.004 (−0.022, 0.013) | 0.636 | 0.008 (−0.011, 0.026) | 0.413 | 0.009 (−0.009, 0.028) | 0.321 | −0.006 (−0.029, 0.016) | 0.577 |
MEHHP | −0.001 (−0.026, 0.023) | 0.921 | 0.016 (−0.006, 0.038) | 0.159 | −0.017 (−0.043, 0.008) | 0.179 | 0.015 (−0.011, 0.042) | 0.250 |
MCMHP | −0.003 (−0.019, 0.014) | 0.748 | 0.012 (−0.008, 0.031) | 0.238 | −0.004 (−0.022, 0.013) | 0.625 | −0.012 (−0.036, 0.011) | 0.291 |
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Guo, J.; Wu, M.; Gao, X.; Chen, J.; Li, S.; Chen, B.; Dong, R. Meconium Exposure to Phthalates, Sex and Thyroid Hormones, Birth Size and Pregnancy Outcomes in 251 Mother–Infant Pairs from Shanghai. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7711. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217711
Guo J, Wu M, Gao X, Chen J, Li S, Chen B, Dong R. Meconium Exposure to Phthalates, Sex and Thyroid Hormones, Birth Size and Pregnancy Outcomes in 251 Mother–Infant Pairs from Shanghai. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(21):7711. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217711
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuo, JiaLin, Min Wu, Xi Gao, JingSi Chen, ShuGuang Li, Bo Chen, and RuiHua Dong. 2020. "Meconium Exposure to Phthalates, Sex and Thyroid Hormones, Birth Size and Pregnancy Outcomes in 251 Mother–Infant Pairs from Shanghai" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21: 7711. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217711