Waterpipe Use among Adolescents in Germany: Prevalence, Associated Consumer Characteristics, and Trends (German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents, KiGGS)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Methods
2.2. Measurements
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Current WP User ♦ n = 446 | Last 12-Month WP User n = 1101 | Ever WP User n = 1415 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | |
Total (Girls and Boys) | 8.5 | (7.5–9.6) | 19.7 | (18.3–21.2) | 25.8 | (24.2–27.5) |
Girls | 6.3 | (5.3–7.3) | 17.3 | (15.6–19.1) | 23.4 | (21.4–25.5) |
Age, years | ||||||
11 | − | − | 0.1 | (0.0–0.7) | 0.7 | (0.2–3.0) |
12 | 0.6 | (0.1–3.2) | 1.5 | (0.6–3.5) | 3.7 | (2.0–6.8) |
13 | 0.7 | (0.3–1.5) | 6.3 | (3.9–9.9) | 8.7 | (5.7–12.9) |
14 | 6.1 | (3.9–9.4) | 15.5 | (12.1–19.7) | 18.9 | (14.9–23.6) |
15 | 9.5 | (6.6–13.5) | 22.1 | (17.4–27.6) | 28.3 | (22.9–34.4) |
16 | 12.1 | (8.9–16.2) | 36.6 | (31.1–42.5) | 46.1 | (40.1–52.3) |
17 | 12.9 | (9.6–17.1) | 33.8 | (28.2–40.0) | 50.6 | (44.2–56.9) |
Socioeconomic status * | ||||||
Low | 7.0 | (4.5–10.8) | 20.5 | (16.2–25.5) | 30.2 | (25.0–36.0) |
Middle | 6.8 | (5.6–8.2) | 17.4 | (15.4–19.6) | 23.1 | (20.6–25.7) |
High | 4.1 | (2.6–6.2) | 12.9 | (10.0–16.5) | 16.2 | (13.0–20.1) |
Education ≠ | ||||||
Secondary/Middle/Comprehensive school | 6.6 | (5.1–8.4) | 18.8 | (16.4–21.5) | 25.1 | (22.1–28.3) |
Technical/Academic secondary school | 5.9 | (4.6–7.5) | 15.5 | (13.4–18.0) | 21.5 | (18.9–24.3) |
Migration background ° | ||||||
Yes, one-sided | 6.7 | (3.8–11.6) | 19.0 | (14.0–25.3) | 23.1 | (17.5–29.8) |
Yes, both-sided | 3.7 | (2.0–6.8) | 11.2 | (7.8–15.8) | 18.1 | (13.6–23.7) |
No | 6.8 | (5.7–7.9) | 18.4 | (16.5–20.5) | 24.7 | (22.5–26.9) |
Current smoking status | ||||||
Smoker | 35.1 | (28.0–42.9) | 73.8 | (64.9–81.1) | 86.3 | (77.6–92.0) |
Non-smoker | 4.2 | (3.3–5.2) | 13.2 | (11.5–15.0) | 18.9 | (17.0–21.1) |
Boys | 10.6 | (9.1–12.4) | 22.1 | (20.2–24.2) | 28.1 | (25.9–30.3) |
Age, years | ||||||
11 | − | 1.7 | (0.7–4.2) | 2.0 | (0.9–4.4) | |
12 | 0.5 | (0.2–1.6) | 2.4 | (1.2–4.5) | 3.1 | (1.7–5.5) |
13 | 3.9 | (1.8–8.1) | 8.2 | (5.3–12.4) | 12.0 | (8.6–16.5) |
14 | 5.7 | (3.4–9.5) | 17.6 | (13.6–22.5) | 22.4 | (17.8–27.7) |
15 | 12.4 | (8.7–17.2) | 29.8 | (24.1–36.3) | 38.3 | (32.0–45.0) |
16 | 21.5 | (15.4–29.1) | 37.9 | (31.0–45.3) | 47.9 | (41.4–54.5) |
17 | 26.4 | (20.9–32.8) | 50.3 | (43.5–57.2) | 61.6 | (54.9–67.9) |
Socioeconomic status * | ||||||
Low | 11.6 | (7.1–18.3) | 22.5 | (16.7–29.6) | 28.2 | (21.7–35.6) |
Middle | 10.5 | (8.7–12.6) | 22.9 | (20.4–25.6) | 29.1 | (26.3–32.2) |
High | 10.7 | (8.0–14.2) | 19.1 | (15.9–22.9) | 24.1 | (20.6–28.0) |
Education ≠ | ||||||
Secondary/Middle/Comprehensive school | 9.8 | (7.6–12.5) | 21.1 | (18.3–24.1) | 27.2 | (23.8–30.9) |
Technical/Academic secondary school | 10.4 | (8.1–13.1) | 21.9 | (18.6–25.5) | 27.5 | (24.4–30.8) |
Migration background ° | ||||||
Yes, one-sided | 17.9 | (11.0–27.8) | 30.4 | (22.4–39.9) | 36.3 | (27.9–45.7) |
Yes, both-sided | 11.5 | (7.2–17.8) | 19.9 | (14.2–27.1) | 27.9 | (21.5–35.4) |
No | 9.7 | (8.2–11.4) | 21.7 | (19.6–23.9) | 27.2 | (24.9–29.6) |
Current smoking status | ||||||
Smoker | 46.8 | (37.2–56.7) | 84.5 | (75.4–90.7) | 93.5 | (87.5–96.7) |
Non-smoker | 8.2 | (6.7–10.0) | 18.1 | (16.2–20.2) | 23.7 | (21.5–26.1) |
Covariates † | OR (95% CI) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model (I) Current WP Use ♦ vs. Never WP Use | Model (II) Last 12-Month WP Use vs. Never WP Use | Model (III) Ever WP Use vs. Never WP Use | ||||||||||
Girls | Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | Boys | |||||||
Age, Years > | 1.97 *** | (1.69–2.29) | 2.20 *** | (1.92–2.52) | 1.94 *** | (1.77–2.14) | 1.92 *** | (1.74–2.13) | 1.91 *** | (1.75–2.08) | 1.91 *** | (1.74–2.10) |
Socioeconomic status ‡ | ||||||||||||
Low | 1.60 | (0.71–3.58) | 0.72 | (0.31–1.70) | 1.27 | (0.74–2.17) | 0.95 | (0.53–1.69) | 1.66 * | (1.02–2.71) | 0.92 | (0.54–1.57) |
Middle | 1.13 | (0.59–2.18) | 0.76 | (0.45–1.28) | 0.99 | (0.66–1.48) | 1.06 | (0.73–1.55) | 1.13 | (0.79–1.61) | 1.10 | (0.77–1.58) |
High (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Education ≠ | ||||||||||||
Secondary/Middle/Comprehensive school | 1.56 | (1.00–2.45) | 1.48 | (0.91–2.41) | 1.82 *** | (1.32–2.51) | 1.27 | (0.90–1.78) | 1.63 ** | (1.22–2.17) | 1.28 | (0.95–1.72) |
Technical/Academic secondary school (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Migration background ° | ||||||||||||
Yes, one-sided | 0.98 | (0.43–2.23) | 3.03 ** | (1.36–6.77) | 0.91 | (0.50–1.65) | 2.04 * | (1.18–3.54) | 0.79 | (0.46–1.33) | 2.01 ** | (1.23–3.27) |
Yes, both-sided | 0.34 * | (0.15–0.80) | 1.19 | (0.55–2.61) | 0.38 *** | (0.22–0.65) | 0.87 | (0.49–1.55) | 0.44 *** | (0.27–0.70) | 0.90 | (0.56–1.46) |
No (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Current smoking status | ||||||||||||
Smoker | 48.27 *** | (24.12–96.59) | 67.57 *** | (18.02–253.32) | 28.03 *** | (14.26–55.08) | 40.60 *** | (15.38–107.13) | 21.55 *** | (10.99–42.28) | 33.45 *** | (13.10–85.40) |
Non-smoker (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
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Klosterhalfen, S.; Kotz, D.; Kuntz, B.; Zeiher, J.; Starker, A. Waterpipe Use among Adolescents in Germany: Prevalence, Associated Consumer Characteristics, and Trends (German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents, KiGGS). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7740. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217740
Klosterhalfen S, Kotz D, Kuntz B, Zeiher J, Starker A. Waterpipe Use among Adolescents in Germany: Prevalence, Associated Consumer Characteristics, and Trends (German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents, KiGGS). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(21):7740. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217740
Chicago/Turabian StyleKlosterhalfen, Stephanie, Daniel Kotz, Benjamin Kuntz, Johannes Zeiher, and Anne Starker. 2020. "Waterpipe Use among Adolescents in Germany: Prevalence, Associated Consumer Characteristics, and Trends (German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents, KiGGS)" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21: 7740. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217740