Effect of Bright Light Therapy on Depressive Symptoms in Middle-Aged and Older Patients Receiving Long-Term Hemodialysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Bright Light Therapy Intervention
2.3. Measurement Tools
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Control (n = 30) | Bright Light Therapy (n = 30) | p |
---|---|---|---|
Age, year, mean (SD) | 63.1 (9.1) | 61.0 (9.4) | 0.396 |
Sex | 0.121 | ||
Male | 12 (40) | 18 (60) | |
Female | 18 (60) | 12 (40) | |
Educational level | 0.108 | ||
Junior high school or below | 22 (73) | 16 (53) | |
Senior high school or above | 8 (27) | 14 (47) | |
Employed | 0.754 | ||
No | 24 (80) | 23 (77) | |
Yes | 6 (20) | 7 (23) | |
Engaged in regular outdoor activity | 0.796 | ||
No | 15 (50) | 14 (47) | |
Yes | 15 (50) | 16 (53) | |
Outdoor activity/week, number of times, mean (SD) | 0.97 (1.27) | 1 (1.14) | 0.915 |
Time on hemodialysis, months, mean (SD) | 95.0 (60.5) | 87.5 (87.2) | 0.700 |
Hypertension | 21 (70) | 15 (50) | 0.114 |
Cardiovascular disease | 6 (20) | 7 (23) | 0.754 |
Diabetes | 17 (57) | 15 (50) | 0.605 |
Cerebrovascular disease | 1 (3) | 2 (7) | >0.999 |
Cancer | 1 (3) | 2 (7) | >0.999 |
Variable | Mean (Standard Deviation) | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Control (n = 30) | Bright Light Therapy (n = 30) | ||
BDI-II Score | |||
T0 | 30.17 (9.33) | 27.17 (8.53) | 0.199 |
T1 | 28.90 (9.22) | 18.33 (7.86) | <0.001 |
T2 | 27.37 (10.25) | 18.17 (7.44) | <0.001 |
Salivary cortisol level (nmol/L) | |||
T0 | 16.05 (12.54) | 19.07 (25.08) | 0.558 |
T1 | 18.70 (12.19) | 14.35 (11.39) | 0.158 |
T2 | 20.14 (14.74) | 10.93 (5.44) | 0.003 |
Variable | Regression Coefficient (95% CI) | p |
---|---|---|
BDI-II Score | ||
Group (BLT vs. control) | −3.02 (−7.46, 1.46) | 0.188 |
Time | ||
T1 vs. T0 | −1.27 (−4.14, 1.61) | 0.388 |
T2 vs. T0 | −2.80 (−5.55, −0.05) | 0.046 |
Interaction (group × time) | ||
BLT × T1 vs. control × T0 | −7.57 (−11.63, −3.50) | <0.001 |
BLT × T2 vs. control × T0 | −6.20 (−10.09, −2.31) | 0.002 |
Salivary cortisol level | ||
Group (BLT vs. control) | 3.02 (−4.47, 10.50) | 0.430 |
Time | ||
T1 vs. T0 | 2.65 (−1.02, 6.32) | 0.157 |
T2 vs. T0 | 4.08 (−2.56, 10.72) | 0.259 |
Interaction (group × time) | ||
BLT × T1 vs. control × T0 | −7.37 (−12.56, −2.18) | 0.017 |
BLT × T2 vs. control × T0 | −12.22 (−22.24, −2.20) | 0.005 |
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Huang, S.-Y.; Koo, M.; Hsieh, T.-C.; Lee, R.-P.; Sung, H.-C. Effect of Bright Light Therapy on Depressive Symptoms in Middle-Aged and Older Patients Receiving Long-Term Hemodialysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7763. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217763
Huang S-Y, Koo M, Hsieh T-C, Lee R-P, Sung H-C. Effect of Bright Light Therapy on Depressive Symptoms in Middle-Aged and Older Patients Receiving Long-Term Hemodialysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(21):7763. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217763
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Shu-Yi, Malcolm Koo, Tsung-Cheng Hsieh, Ru-Ping Lee, and Huei-Chuan Sung. 2020. "Effect of Bright Light Therapy on Depressive Symptoms in Middle-Aged and Older Patients Receiving Long-Term Hemodialysis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21: 7763. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217763