The Occupational Health of Female Immigrant Caregivers: A Qualitative Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Sample
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Instruments
2.5. Data Analysis
2.6. Validity
2.7. Ethical Considerations
2.8. Reflexivity
3. Results
3.1. Informants
3.2. Reasons/Motivating Factors for Migration
“In my country, poverty is everywhere, and there are no opportunities for anyone to achieve something in life” I7 (49 years).
“I do it to get a better quality of life and help my son who is in my country (Ecuador).” I42 (50 years).
“To ensure for my daughter and myself a better future with economic stability” I43 (37 years).
“There (home country) it was difficult to find work, and the elderly are not cared for as much as here” I19 (41 years).
“I came here to make a new life and I have a daughter in Colombia who I’m supporting” I25 (58 years).
“(...) because if I´m here I can give my family a better quality of life than I can give in my country” I7, FG1 (35 years).
“It’s not the same there-here, you are completely safe” I1, FG2 (50 years).
“I came because of the difficult situation in my country: there’s a civil war” I2 (37 years).
“What’s more, most people come here because of the language, because you can move around, but language is also a problem for us, because none of us can speak English or French” I2, FG2 (62 years).
“The Andalusian people are very like us” [...] “cheerful and home-loving” [...] “we can get on better with an Andalusian than with a Catalan” I1, FG1 (24 years).
3.3. Working Female Immigrants
“I work part-time” [...] “once a week, but they don’t give me a contract” I2, FG2 (62 years).
“I worked as a child-minder in a house, but I wasn’t registered with the social security” I38 (43 years).
“I (work) 24 h a day 7 days a week, and don’t ask for one weekend a month like other girls because there’s no-one else who’ll stay here. So, if you want to earn your monthly salary, you have to accept the conditions, which are 24/7” I7, FG1 (35 years old).
“I look after a senior citizen, to help her do her things like cooking, cleaning” [...] “everything” I5 (37 years).
“I’ve worked as a live-in assistant taking care of elderly people with Alzheimer’s, senile dementia, diabetes” I8, FG1 (50 years).
“I’ve worked with an older person with Alzheimer’s disease” I4, FG1 (27 years).
“I’ve worked as a caregiver” I8 (51 years).
“I’ve had two jobs since I arrived here - I ‘ve cared for older people” I7, FG1 (35 years).
“When I look after the elderly, I do the kitchen, the toilet, the house, all the general cleaning, as well as changing the dressings on their sores” I10 (55 years).
“I cooked, ironed, cleaned, went shopping, controlled all the medication for the person I was looking after, such as injecting insulin, putting on patches and measuring blood pressure, as well as looking after their diet, movement and personal hygiene” I41 (43 years).
“Doing the domestic chores, cleaning, washing (...) I also helped them to pick oranges and took care of the animals” I7 (49 years).
“(…) to care for her, help her to do the housework such as cooking or cleaning, among others” I5 (37 years).
“To take care of the elderly and children” I17 (29 years).
“I did all the housework and I also took care of an older person” I22 (46 years).
“Everything related to work at home (...) in addition, I looked after older people with reduced mobility” I20 (48 years).
“Practically all housework tasks” I39 (48 years).
“When caring for elderly people, showering them without gloves” I4 (45 years).
“Every year I get the flu” [...] “it’s inevitable when you work looking after dependent people” I30 (48 years).
“Others are the spread of the patient’s diseases, such as the flu” I23 (49 years).
“Risks of slipping over” I12 (34 years).
“I can cut myself at home with a knife or slip” I10 (55 years)
“I hit my knee on the patient’s winch. These kinds of blows are normal when taking care of him” I21 (54 years).
“I used ammonia and had problems with it because it gave me a headache” I19 (41 years).
“There’s a degreaser that is very strong” I17 (29 years).
“In the kitchen with chemical cleaning products” I25 (58 years).
“Some Alzheimer’s patients have hit me—there’s the risk of being attacked” I6 (49 years).
“I fell out of the window on the first floor in the home of a person I was looking after.…” I26 (43 years).
“I worked 25 months without a contract and was exposed to too many risks because I took care of a woman who weighed over 150 kg. Every day, I had to lift her out of bed and that was terrible for my back” I27 (42 years).
“The only training, I had was to browse and read things online” I8 (51 years).
“They never train you; they’ve never done it with anyone I know” I16 (49 years).
“Once I wanted to participate in a training programme that lasted two days, but I had to travel and finally I wasn’t able to do it” I12 (34 years).
3.4. Occupational Health Safety
“As I have my own insurance, I was going to have the check-up done on my own” I15 (59 years).
“I had a full health test and they asked me about diseases” I2 (37 years).
“I take care of my health myself, because I have my public health insurance, and I usually go when necessary. I had my last check-up a year ago” I8 (51 years).
The main health problems detected relate to both physical and mental health.
“(…) when you are working with older people, it affects your physical and mental health” I8, DG1 (50 years).
“If as well as caring for an elderly person, the family also tells you that you have to clean the house and look after pets, then your stress levels increase” I13 (49 years).
“(...) the fatigue is physical, but you also get mental fatigue at night” I1, FG1 (24 years).
“(…) very tired since it was hard to bend down to do the cleaning and my feet and back hurt a lot.” I12 (34 years).
“My bones and joints ache (...) it doesn’t matter who you work for, you always work long hours” I25 (58 years).
“In my case, my back is the worst bit, I don’t stop (...) and when I get to the end of the day, my feet feel sore” I10, FG1, (49 years).
Many known cases of occupational accidents were not reported or not identified:
“I fell and had a bruise on my foot and inflammation for 20 days, but I didn’t go to the doctor” I20 (48 years).
“I’ve suffered superficial wounds, but they weren’t serious, and I’ve also banged my leg against the corner of the table or cut myself with knife when cooking.” I10 (55 years).
“I had a contract, but I didn’t phone her children—which was stupid of me” [...] “she had a fall at four o’clock in the morning and I lifted her up myself and carried her to bed—and then I got the hernia” I2, FG2 (62 years).
“I cut my fingers with the meat slicer” I31 (30 years).
“I climbed a tree to pick some oranges and fell and scratched my eye” I24 (27 years).
“I started to make my tea, which was celery tea, by the way, and I made another cup of parsley tea to ease the pain” I7, FG1 (35 years).
“I self-medicate. My recipe is ginger with lemon and cinnamon, in very hot tea, twice a day, together with paracetamol … and well, I’m better now” I10, FG1 (49 years).
“Algae, tea to reduce stomach pain” I1, FG1 (24 years).
“For the cold I usually drink hot milk with honey, hot milk with thyme, honey and lemon (...) the natural recipes of my country. (…) I only visit to the doctor when I’m very ill” I2, FG2 (62 years).
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Interview Topic Guide |
---|
Sociodemographic characteristics |
Age, country of origin, level of education |
Reason for Migration: Why did you decide to come to Spain? |
Time and characteristics of residence in Spain (Who do you live with? Number of children/relatives). |
Semi-structured themes |
Socio-labour characteristics |
Since arriving in Spain, which sectors have you worked in? What tasks have you been doing? |
Working conditions |
Current employment 1 situation (in search of employment, unemployed, employed, social insurance and regular work, type of work and functions performed). |
Daily working conditions (weekly schedule, overtime, work of day: complete/partial or otherwise). |
If unemployed, previous work history (in Spain). |
Exposure to occupational risk (identification, attributed severity). |
Types of risks (handling of vehicles, machinery or other dangerous tools, use of chemical products). |
Training in OHS by the company (characteristics, type of training, duration). |
Occupational health |
Occupational accidents throughout working life in Spain (description, type of accident, severity, required health care, sequelae or injuries, impact on job). |
Occupational Health Exam (frequency, characteristics and tests performed). |
Sick leave (reason, duration, impact on job). |
Current health status (perception of health, presence of chronic problems). |
Association of health problems with work activity (new symptoms, worsening disease) |
Vaccination at the workplace. |
FGs topic guide |
Sociodemographic characteristics |
Age, country of origin, level of education |
Migratory aspects: |
Why did you decide to come to Spain? |
Is Spain the final destination or only a transit before moving to another European country? |
Reason for coming to or staying in Spain (language, support network of relatives or other compatriots). Reason for choosing Andalusia |
Expectations or previous knowledge about Spain |
Time and characteristics of residence in Spain |
Who do you live with? (Number of children / relatives). |
Family income. |
Co-responsibility between men and women in domestic tasks |
Family care: children in country of origin, percentage of salary sent to help with their maintenance |
Working conditions |
Current employment 2 situation (in search of employment, unemployed, employed, social insurance and regular work, type of work and functions performed). |
Working daily conditions (weekly schedule, overtime, shift work, working day: full-/part-time or other). |
Occupational health |
Occupational accidents throughout working life in Spain (description, type of accident, severity, required health care, sequelae or injuries, labour impact). |
Occupational Health Exam (frequency, characteristics and tests performed). |
Labour leave (reason, duration, labour impact). |
Current health status (perception of health, presence of chronic problems). |
Association of health problems with work activity (new symptoms, worsening disease) |
Vaccination at the workplace. |
Actions taken when they become ill (self-medication, help from friends or neighbours, alternative medicine, etc.) |
Variable | Participants (n = 61) Mean (SD)/[%] | ||
---|---|---|---|
Interviews (n = 43) | Focus Groups (n = 18) | Total Participants (n = 61) | |
Age (years) | 38.2 (12.45) | 44.4 (13.18) | 41.3 (10.36) |
Country of Origin | |||
Argentina | [0] | [5.75] | [1.64] |
Bolivia | [9.3] | [11.1] | [9.84] |
Chile | [2.3] | [0] | [1.64] |
Colombia | [11.62] | [11.1] | [11.48] |
Ecuador | [2.3] | [0] | [1.64] |
El Salvador | [4.5] | [0] | [3.27] |
Guatemala | [2.3] | [0] | [1.64] |
Honduras | [11.62] | [11.1] | [9.84] |
Nicaragua | [37.5] | [22.4] | [32.78] |
Peru | [6.9] | [22.4] | [13.11] |
Dominican Republic | [9.3] | [0] | [6.56] |
Venezuela | [2.3] | [16.7] | [6.56] |
Residence in Spain (years) | 4.26 (5.52) | 6.78 (14.12) | 5.52 (6.33) |
Number of children | 1.97 (1.2) | 1.27 (0.78) | 1.62 (1.41) |
Graduate Course | |||
Primary school | [18.6] | [16.7] | [18.03] |
Secondary school | [25.7] | [11.1] | [21.33] |
Bachelor | [41.8] | [16.7] | [32.78] |
University studies | [13.9] | [55.5] | [27.86] |
Employment | |||
Yes | [72.38] | [55.5] | [63.94] |
No | [27.62] | [44.5] | [36.06] |
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de Diego-Cordero, R.; Vega-Escaño, J.; Tarriño-Concejero, L.; García-Carpintero-Muñoz, M.Á. The Occupational Health of Female Immigrant Caregivers: A Qualitative Approach. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7807. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217807
de Diego-Cordero R, Vega-Escaño J, Tarriño-Concejero L, García-Carpintero-Muñoz MÁ. The Occupational Health of Female Immigrant Caregivers: A Qualitative Approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(21):7807. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217807
Chicago/Turabian Stylede Diego-Cordero, Rocío, Juan Vega-Escaño, Lorena Tarriño-Concejero, and María Ángeles García-Carpintero-Muñoz. 2020. "The Occupational Health of Female Immigrant Caregivers: A Qualitative Approach" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21: 7807. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217807