Complementary Feeding: Pitfalls for Health Outcomes
Abstract
:1. Background
2. Timing of Weaning and Pitfalls for Health Outcomes
2.1. Excess Weight and Obesity
2.2. Blood Pressure
2.3. Food Preferences and Eating Behaviors
2.4. Developmental Milestones
2.5. Food Allergy
3. Macronutrients Composition of CF and Health Outcomes: How Much Is Not Too Much?
3.1. Macronutrients: Proteins
3.2. Carbohydrates
3.3. Lipids
3.4. Micronutrients
4. Mode of Feeding and Health Outcomes
4.1. Diet Diversity and Health Outcome
4.2. Responsive Feeding and Health Outcomes: Weight Gain and Obesity
4.3. Taste and Food Preferences
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Practical Tips for Complementary Feeding |
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Examples of Portion Sizes during the Complementary Feeding Phase | ||
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6 Months | 12 Months | |
Cereals | Cereal creams (rice, corn and tapioca, wheat, multi-cereal cream)20 g | Baby pasta 25 g Rice 25 g Couscous 25 g |
Homogenized meat | 40 g (half a jar) | 80 g (a jar) |
Freeze-dried meat | 5 g | 10 g |
Fresh meat | 15 g | 30 g |
Homogenized legumes | 40 g (half a jar) | 80 g (a jar) |
Dry decorticated legumes | 10 g | 15 g |
Fresh legumes | 25 g | 40 g |
Homogenized fish | 40 g (half a jar) | 80 g (a jar) |
Fresh fish | 20 g | 30 g |
Fresh cheese | 20 g | 30 g |
Egg | 25 g (half an egg) | 50 g (an egg) |
Seasonal vegetables | 20 g | 30 g |
Extra virgin olive oil (during the day) | 10 g | 20 g |
Vegetable broth (no added salt) | 160–180 mL | |
Fresh fruit | 80 g | 80 g |
Research Areas Regarding the Complementary Feeding Period |
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D’Auria, E.; Borsani, B.; Pendezza, E.; Bosetti, A.; Paradiso, L.; Zuccotti, G.V.; Verduci, E. Complementary Feeding: Pitfalls for Health Outcomes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7931. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217931
D’Auria E, Borsani B, Pendezza E, Bosetti A, Paradiso L, Zuccotti GV, Verduci E. Complementary Feeding: Pitfalls for Health Outcomes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(21):7931. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217931
Chicago/Turabian StyleD’Auria, Enza, Barbara Borsani, Erica Pendezza, Alessandra Bosetti, Laura Paradiso, Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti, and Elvira Verduci. 2020. "Complementary Feeding: Pitfalls for Health Outcomes" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21: 7931. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217931