Total Diet Study to Assess Radioactive Cs and 40K Levels in the Japanese Population before and after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling and Preparation
2.2. Determination of 137Cs, 134Cs, and 40K
2.3. Calculation of Dietary Intake and the Committed Effective Dose (CED) Values
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Levels of 137Cs, 134Cs, and 40K
3.1.1. 137Cs Levels before the FDNPP Accident
3.1.2. 137Cs and 134Cs Levels after the FDNPP Accident
3.1.3. 40K Levels
3.2. Dietary Intake and CED Values of Radioactive Cs
3.2.1. Before the FDNPP Accident
3.2.2. After the FDNPP Accident
3.3. Dietary Intake and CED Values of 40K
3.4. TDS of Radionuclides Conducted by Other Countries
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Food Group | Activity Concentrations of 137Cs (Bq/kg) | Mean ± SD *3 | Percentage of Detection (%) *4 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2006 (n = 4) | 2007 (n = 3) | 2008 (n = 4) | 2009 (n = 4) | 2010 (n = 1) | ||||||||
Min. *1 | Max. *2 | Min. *1 | Max. *2 | Min. *1 | Max. *2 | Min. *1 | Max. *2 | |||||
I | Rice and rice products | <0.003 | 0.004 | <0.005 | 0.0045 | <0.004 | 0.0061 | <0.008 | 0.013 | 0.020 | 0.0036 ± 0.0059 | 37.5 |
II | Cereals, nuts, and potatoes | <0.010 | <0.025 | <0.015 | 0.016 | <0.014 | 0.034 | <0.009 | 0.033 | <0.010 | 0.0058 ± 0.012 | 25.0 |
III | Sugars and confectionaries | <0.018 | 0.035 | <0.012 | <0.052 | <0.015 | 0.019 | <0.022 | <0.038 | <0.150 | 0.0049 ± 0.011 | 18.8 |
IV | Fats and oils | <0.032 | <0.056 | <0.024 | <0.049 | <0.014 | <0.065 | <0.022 | <0.078 | <0.220 | 0 | 0 |
V | Pulses and their products | <0.040 | <0.058 | <0.024 | 0.016 | <0.024 | 0.019 | <0.014 | 0.032 | <0.076 | 0.0042 ± 0.010 | 18.8 |
VI | Fruits | <0.010 | <0.024 | <0.010 | 0.027 | <0.011 | <0.037 | <0.010 | 0.038 | <0.026 | 0.0041 ± 0.011 | 12.5 |
VII | Green and yellow vegetables | <0.022 | 0.015 | <0.016 | 0.018 | <0.009 | <0.039 | <0.024 | <0.029 | <0.024 | 0.0021 ± 0.0057 | 12.5 |
VIII | Other vegetables, mushrooms, and seaweeds | <0.016 | 0.092 | <0.029 | 0.069 | <0.015 | 0.031 | <0.022 | 0.024 | <0.018 | 0.024 ± 0.031 | 50 |
IX *5 | Beverages | <0.018 | <0.024 | <0.004 | <0.015 | <0.007 | 0.0073 | <0.004 | 0.0049 | <0.006 | 0.00077 ± 0.00210 | 12.5 |
X | Fish and shellfish | 0.067 | 0.099 | 0.078 | 0.093 | 0.029 | 0.071 | 0.062 | 0.093 | 0.048 | 0.0720 ± 0.0205 | 100.0 |
XI | Meat and eggs | <0.023 | 0.041 | <0.018 | 0.032 | <0.020 | 0.083 | <0.025 | 0.054 | 0.028 | 0.024 ± 0.024 | 62.5 |
XII | Milk and dairy products | <0.021 | 0.057 | <0.025 | 0.018 | <0.027 | 0.033 | <0.042 | 0.051 | 0.035 | 0.022 ± 0.012 | 68.8 |
XIII *6 | Seasonings | <0.012 | <0.140 | <0.075 | <0.155 | <0.054 | <0.14 | <0.028 | <0.087 | <0.089 | 0 | 0 |
XIV | Drinking water | <0.0002 | <0.0004 | <0.0001 | <0.0004 | <0.0001 | <0.0005 | <0.0001 | <0.0003 | <0.0002 | 0 | 0 |
Food Group | Activity Concentrations of 137Cs (Bq/kg) | Activity Concentrations of 134Cs (Bq/kg) | Activity Concentrations of 137Cs + 134Cs (Bq/kg) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sendai | Fukushima | Tokyo | Sendai | Fukushima | Tokyo | Sendai | Fukushima | Tokyo | ||
I | Rice and rice products | 0.270 | 1.500 | 0.079 | 0.210 | 1.200 | 0.057 | 0.480 | 2.600 | 0.140 |
II | Cereals, nuts, and potatoes | 0.170 | 0.340 | 0.058 | 0.140 | 0.320 | 0.035 | 0.310 | 0.660 | 0.093 |
III | Sugars and confectionaries | 0.120 | 0.180 | 0.053 | 0.054 | 0.130 | <0.025 | 0.170 | 0.320 | 0.053 |
IV | Fats and oils | <0.087 | <0.089 | <0.045 | <0.072 | <0.100 | <0.048 | <0.160 | <0.190 | <0.093 |
V | Pulses and their products | <0.041 | 0.041 | 0.130 | <0.025 | <0.040 | 0.098 | <0.066 | 0.041 | 0.230 |
VI | Fruits | 0.0570 | 4.100 | 0.093 | <0.036 | 3.500 | 0.074 | <0.093 | 7.600 | 0.170 |
VII | Green and yellow vegetables | 0.200 | 0.310 | 0.059 | 0.160 | 0.270 | 0.025 | 0.360 | 0.580 | 0.084 |
VIII | Other vegetables, mushrooms, and seaweeds | 0.150 | 0.710 | 0.044 | 0.084 | 0.580 | <0.028 | 0.230 | 1.300 | 0.044 |
IX *1 | Beverages | 0.017 | 0.015 | 0.018 | <0.011 | 0.011 | 0.012 | <0.028 | 0.026 | 0.030 |
X | Fish and shellfish | 2.200 | 0.300 | 0.300 | 1.800 | 0.210 | 0.210 | 4.000 | 0.510 | 0.510 |
XI | Meat and eggs | 0.074 | 0.063 | 0.056 | 0.047 | <0.040 | 0.021 | 0.120 | 0.063 | 0.077 |
XII | Milk and dairy products | 6.400 | 2.000 | 2.100 | 5.400 | 1.600 | 1.70 | 12.000 | 3.500 | 3.800 |
XIII *2 | Seasonings | <0.230 | 0.052 | 0.140 | <0.160 | <0.088 | <0.110 | <0.390 | 0.052 | 0.140 |
XIV | Drinking water | 0.0087 | 0.017 | 0.0048 | 0.0071 | 0.015 | 0.0038 | 0.016 | 0.032 | 0.0086 |
Food Group | Activity Concentrations of 40K (Bq/kg) *1 | Mean ± SD *4 (Bq/kg) | Activity Concentrations of 40K (Bq/kg) in 2011 *5 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2006 (n = 4) | 2007 (n = 3) | 2008 (n = 4) | 2009 (n = 4) | 2010 (n = 1) | ||||||||||
Min. *2 | Max. *3 | Min. *2 | Max. *2 | Min. *2 | Max. *3 | Min. *2 | Max. *3 | Fukushima | Sendai | Tokyo | ||||
I | Rice and rice products | 5.1 | 7.1 | 5.7 | 9.7 | 7.1 | 7.9 | 5.7 | 11.0 | 3.5 | 7.1 ± 1.7 | 31.0 | 8.3 | 5.4 |
II | Cereals, nuts, and potatoes | 42.0 | 53.0 | 44.0 | 63.0 | 48.0 | 55.0 | 50.0 | 57.0 | 48.0 | 51.0 ± 5.1 | 52.0 | 62.0 | 54.0 |
III | Sugars and confectionaries | 23.0 | 44.0 | 54.0 | 64.0 | 65.0 | 71.0 | 51.0 | 64.0 | 67.0 | 56.0 ± 14 | 65.0 | 67.0 | 49.0 |
IV | Fats and oils | <1.2 | 4.3 | <0.81 | 0.9 | <0.90 | 1.6 | <0.22 | 1.2 | <2.7 | 1.0 ± 1.3 *6 | <1.2 | <1.2 | <1.1 |
V | Pulses and their products | 94.0 | 104.0 | 70.0 | 103.0 | 72.0 | 98.0 | 68.0 | 96.0 | 59.0 | 85.0 ± 15 | 78.0 | 80.0 | 76.0 |
VI | Fruits | 41.0 | 54.0 | 46.0 | 57.0 | 48.0 | 55.0 | 44.0 | 61.0 | 61.0 | 52.0 ± 5.8 | 50.0 | 51.0 | 48.0 |
VII | Green and yellow vegetables | 76.0 | 99.0 | 63.0 | 106.0 | 85.0 | 104.0 | 78.0 | 99.0 | 95.0 | 89.0 ± 11 | 95.0 | 79.0 | 103.0 |
VIII | Other vegetables, mushrooms, and seaweeds | 47.0 | 106.0 | 93.0 | 136.0 | 47.0 | 105.0 | 39.0 | 103.0 | 55.0 | 81.0 ± 29 | 48.0 | 58.0 | 59.0 |
IX *7 | Beverages | 23.0 | 28.0 | 7.9 | 9.0 | 7.4 | 11.0 | 3.2 | 9.3 | 8.1 | 12.0 ± 8.2 | 8.6 | 7.8 | 6.3 |
X | Fish and shellfish | 74.0 | 95.0 | 81.0 | 88.0 | 70.0 | 87.0 | 75.0 | 99.0 | 77.0 | 82.0 ± 7.9 | 96.0 | 79.0 | 96.0 |
XI | Meat and eggs | 64.0 | 89.0 | 68.0 | 85.0 | 61.0 | 80.0 | 60.0 | 82.0 | 77.0 | 73.0 ± 9.8 | 73.0 | 74.0 | 47.0 |
XII | Milk and dairy products | 45.0 | 51.0 | 41.0 | 50.0 | 37.0 | 43.0 | 44.0 | 105.0 | 43.0 | 49.0 ± 15 | 48.0 | 46.0 | 51.0 |
XIII *8 | Seasonings | 11.0 | 74.0 | 66.0 | 88.0 | 64.0 | 71.0 | 28.0 | 69.0 | 79.0 | 64.0 ± 19 | 76.0 | 82.0 | 81.0 |
XIV | Drinking water | 0.019 | 0.061 | 0.015 | 0.05 | 0.017 | 0.087 | 0.021 | 0.040 | 0.039 | 0.041 ± 0.020 | 0.012 | 0.018 | 0.053 |
Year | Region | City | Daily Intake (Bq/Person·Day) | Committed Effective Dose (μSv) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Limit *1 | Upper Limit *2 | Lower Limit *1 | Upper Limit *2 | ||||
Before the FDNPP *3 accident | 2006 | Kanto I | Tokyo | 0.0320 | 0.079 | 0.150 | 0.40 |
Kanto II | Nagano | 0.0270 | 0.081 | 0.150 | 0.40 | ||
Hokuriku | Kanazawa | 0.0190 | 0.061 | 0.130 | 0.45 | ||
Kinki II | Nara | 0.0210 | 0.065 | 0.089 | 0.34 | ||
2007 | Kanto I | Yokohama | 0.0280 | 0.120 | 0.099 | 0.37 | |
Hokuriku | Niigata | 0.0160 | 0.064 | 0.130 | 0.69 | ||
Shikoku | Kochi | 0.0100 | 0.100 | 0.074 | 0.37 | ||
2008 | Hokkaido | Sapporo | 0.0220 | 0.087 | 0.049 | 0.58 | |
Tohoku | Sendai | 0.0047 | 0.097 | 0.100 | 0.58 | ||
Kinki I | Osaka | 0.0310 | 0.060 | 0.022 | 0.55 | ||
Kita-Kyushu | Fukuoka | 0.0079 | 0.086 | 0.140 | 0.33 | ||
2009 | Kanto I | Tokyo | 0.0290 | 0.071 | 0.037 | 0.51 | |
Hokuriku | Kanazawa | 0.0230 | 0.100 | 0.140 | 0.40 | ||
Chugoku | Hiroshima | 0.0140 | 0.098 | 0.110 | 0.63 | ||
Shikoku | Kochi | 0.0160 | 0.072 | 0.064 | 0.55 | ||
2010 | Tokai | Nagoya | 0.0220 | 0.120 | 0.077 | 0.41 | |
Mean ± SD *4 | 0.0200 ± 0.0083 | 0.085 ± 0.019 | 0.098 ± 0.041 | 0.47 ± 0.11 | |||
After the FDNPP *3 accident | 2011 | Tohoku | Sendai | 2.20 | 2.20 | 12.0 | 13.0 |
Tohoku | Fukushima | 2.90 | 2.90 | 17.0 | 17.0 | ||
Kanto I | Tokyo | 0.67 | 0.69 | 3.8 | 3.9 |
Year | Region | City | Daily Intake (Bq/Person·Day) | Committed Effective Dose (μSv) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before the FDNPP *1 accident | 2006 | Kanto I | Tokyo | 76 | 170 |
Kanto II | Nagano | 78 | 180 | ||
Hokuriku | Kanazawa | 77 | 180 | ||
Kinki II | Nara | 65 | 150 | ||
2007 | Kanto I | Yokohama | 91 | 210 | |
Hokuriku | Niigata | 94 | 210 | ||
Shikoku | Kochi | 79 | 180 | ||
2008 | Hokkaido | Sapporo | 81 | 180 | |
Tohoku | Sendai | 78 | 180 | ||
Kinki I | Osaka | 80 | 180 | ||
Kita-Kyushu | Fukuoka | 69 | 160 | ||
2009 | Kanto I | Tokyo | 76 | 170 | |
Hokuriku | Kanazawa | 72 | 160 | ||
Chugoku | Hiroshima | 85 | 190 | ||
Shikoku | Kochi | 79 | 180 | ||
2010 | Tokai | Nagoya | 75 | 170 | |
Mean ± SD *2 | 78.0 ± 7.3 | 178 ± 16 | |||
After the FDNPP *1 accident | 2011 | Tohoku | Sendai | 88 | 200 |
Tohoku | Fukushima | 81 | 180 | ||
Kanto I | Tokyo | 78 | 180 |
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Terada, H.; Iijima, I.; Miyake, S.; Isomura, K.; Sugiyama, H. Total Diet Study to Assess Radioactive Cs and 40K Levels in the Japanese Population before and after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 8131. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218131
Terada H, Iijima I, Miyake S, Isomura K, Sugiyama H. Total Diet Study to Assess Radioactive Cs and 40K Levels in the Japanese Population before and after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(21):8131. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218131
Chicago/Turabian StyleTerada, Hiroshi, Ikuyo Iijima, Sadaaki Miyake, Kimio Isomura, and Hideo Sugiyama. 2020. "Total Diet Study to Assess Radioactive Cs and 40K Levels in the Japanese Population before and after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21: 8131. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218131