Impact of Urban Morphology and Climate on Heating Energy Consumption of Buildings in Severe Cold Regions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Energy Consumption Data
2.2. Environmental Impact Parameters
2.2.1. Urban Morphological Parameters
Building Density (BD)
Floor Area Ratio (FAR)
Aspect Ratio (AR)
Building Height (BH)
Shape Factor (SF)
2.2.2. Climatic Parameters
Temperature
Wind Speed
Relative Humidity
2.3. Statistical Analysis Framework
2.3.1. Correlation Analysis
2.3.2. Multicollinearity Test
2.3.3. Stepwise Regression
2.3.4. Independent Two-Sample T-Test
2.3.5. Model Validation
2.4. Cluster Analysis
- “High-high” describes an area of high value surrounded by areas of high values.
- “Low-low” describes an area of low value surrounded by areas of low values.
- “Low-high” describes an area of low value surrounded by areas of high values.
- “High-low” describes an area of high value surrounded by areas of low values.
- “Not significant” describes an area whose p-value of local Moran’s I > 0.05.
3. Results
3.1. Result of Initial Identification
3.2. Result of Regression Models
3.2.1. Urban Morphological Parameters
3.2.2. Climatic Parameters
3.3. Validation of Regression Models
3.4. Distribution Characteristics of Heating EUI
4. Discussion
4.1. Discussion of the Results
4.1.1. Impact of Urban Morphology
Building Height (BH)
Aspect Ratio (AR) and Floor Area Ratio (FAR)
Shape Factor (SF)
4.1.2. Impact of Climate
4.1.3. Impact of Location
4.2. Study Limitations and Further Research Lines
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Title | Test of Normality | Minimum (kWh/m2) | Maximum (kWh/m2) | Mean (kWh/m2) | Std. Deviation (kWh/m2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sig | |||||
Heating EUI | 0.006 | 100.52 | 298.78 | 168.93 | 35.66 |
Building Type | Building Height (m) | Total Floor Area (m2) | Footprint Area (m2) | Annual Heating EUI (kWh/m2) | Monthly Heating EUI (kWh/m2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hotel | 5.92–108.73 | 941.13–6036.59 | 172.00–4018.23 | 109.1–268.59 | 1.20–57.31 |
Retail building | 6.00–97.00 | 1536.60–238,437.16 | 269.12–101,453.12 | 101.25–275.39 | 0.91–68.49 |
Hospital | 3.29–57.42 | 810.65–76,286.13 | 223.51–3632.20 | 108.84–273.45 | 1.14–61.98 |
Educational building | 3.49–57.00 | 503.04–85,500.63 | 174.10–6276.32 | 106.63–272.90 | 1.02–74.67 |
Residential building | 11.39–111.84 | 158.06–45,679.20 | 158.06–5279.00 | 107.83–238.41 | 1.03–63.34 |
Office | 4.00–115.25 | 941.61–106,209.65 | 50.30–5373.42 | 100.52–248.98 | 0.78–50.91 |
Heating EUI | Urban Morphology | Climate | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BD | AR | BH | FAR | SF | WSP | TEMP | RH | |
Hotel | 0.347 * | −0.400 ** | −0.435 ** | −0.054 | 0.275 | −0.387 ** | −0.604 ** | 0.564 ** |
Retail | 0.189 | 0.324 * | 0.07 | −0.236 | 0.365 * | −0.357 ** | −0.310 ** | 0.347 ** |
Hospital | −0.156 | −0.227 | −0.267 | 0.05 | −0.1 | −0.394 ** | −0.442 ** | 0.435 ** |
Educational | 0.013 | −0.270 ** | −0.271 ** | 0.056 | 0.075 | −0.301 ** | −0.220 ** | 0.279 ** |
Residential | 0.254 ** | −0.160 * | −0.232 ** | 0.259 ** | 0.359 ** | −0.322 ** | −0.234 ** | 0.302 ** |
Office | 0.105 | −0.302 ** | −0.355 ** | −0.087 | 0.09 | −0.620 ** | −0.743 ** | 0.677 ** |
Title | Hotel | Retail | Educational | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BD | AR | BH | VIF | AR | SF | VIF | AR | BH | VIF | |
BD | 1 | −0.186 | −0.172 | 1.036 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
AR | −0.186 | 1 | 0.907 ** | 5.650 | 1 | −0.126 | 1.016 | 1 | 0.853 ** | 3.676 |
BH | −0.172 | 0.907 ** | 1 | 5.618 | - | - | - | 0.853 ** | 1 | 3.676 |
FAR | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
SF | - | - | - | - | −0.126 | 1 | 1.016 | - | - | - |
Title | Residential | Office | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BD | AR | BH | FAR | SF | VIF | AR | BH | VIF | |
BD | 1 | 0.049 | −0.035 | 0.762 ** | 0.109 | 2.433 | - | - | - |
AR | 0.049 | 1 | 0.877 ** | 0.122 | −0.314 ** | 4.505 | 1 | 0.865 ** | 3.968 |
BH | −0.035 | 0.877 ** | 1 | 0.044 | −0.392 ** | 4.739 | 0.865 ** | 1 | 3.968 |
FAR | 0.762 ** | 0.122 | 0.044 | 1 | 0.037 | 2.427 | - | - | - |
SF | 0.109 | −0.314 ** | −0.392 ** | 0.037 | 1 | 1.199 | - | - | - |
WSP | TEMP | RH | VIF | |
---|---|---|---|---|
WSP | 1 | 0.810 * | −0.830 * | 3.300 |
TEMP | 0.810 * | 1 | −0.938 ** | 8.475 |
RH | −0.830 * | −0.938 ** | 1 | 9.346 |
Building Type | Independent Variable | Constant | α | R2 | t-Test |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hotel | BH | 192.037 | −0.601 | 0.189 | 0.006 |
Retail building | AR | 105.508 | 51.45 | 0.272 | 0.000 |
SF | 239.71 | 0.000 | |||
Educational | BH | 170.211 | −0.65 | 0.074 | 0.000 |
Residential building | FAR | 99.013 | 9.516 | 0.190 | 0.000 |
SF | 217.762 | 0.000 | |||
Office | BH | 179.642 | −0.369 | 0.126 | 0.000 |
Building Type | Independent Variable | Constant | α | R2 | t-Test |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hotel | WSP | −1.074 | 6.856 | 0.394 | 0.005 |
TEMP | −1.003 | 0.001 | |||
Retail building | WSP | 57.233 | −10.281 | 0.127 | 0.003 |
Hospital | TEMP | 23.458 | −0.639 | 0.196 | 0.000 |
Educational building | WSP | 43.923 | −7.303 | 0.091 | 0.010 |
Residential building | WSP | 0.553 | −7.187 | 0.134 | 0.011 |
TEMP | 0.627 | 0.001 | |||
RH | 0.792 | 0.000 | |||
Office | WSP | 44.302 | −2.342 | 0.558 | 0.001 |
TEMP | −1.060 | 0.001 | |||
RH | −0.315 | 0.000 |
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Song, S.; Leng, H.; Xu, H.; Guo, R.; Zhao, Y. Impact of Urban Morphology and Climate on Heating Energy Consumption of Buildings in Severe Cold Regions. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 8354. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228354
Song S, Leng H, Xu H, Guo R, Zhao Y. Impact of Urban Morphology and Climate on Heating Energy Consumption of Buildings in Severe Cold Regions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(22):8354. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228354
Chicago/Turabian StyleSong, Shiyi, Hong Leng, Han Xu, Ran Guo, and Yan Zhao. 2020. "Impact of Urban Morphology and Climate on Heating Energy Consumption of Buildings in Severe Cold Regions" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 22: 8354. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228354