Insights Gained in the Aftermath of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Follow-Up Survey of a Recreational Training Program, Focusing on Sense of Coherence and Sleep Quality
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedure
2.2. Recreational Training
2.3. Measurements
2.3.1. Sense of Coherence
2.3.2. Regensburger Insomnia Scale
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. Ethics
3. Results
3.1. Results of the Surveys Completed before the Pandemic, in the Course of the Recreational Training
3.1.1. Changes in Body Size
3.1.2. Change in Fitness Status
3.1.3. Eating Habits and Adherence to Diet-Related Advice
3.1.4. Changes in the Sense of Coherence as Well as Sleep Quality
3.2. Results of the Survey Related to the Lockdown Implemented Due to the Pandemic
3.2.1. Life Circumstances
3.2.2. Sleep Quality Deterioration
3.2.3. The Influence of Environmental Factors on Sleep Quality
3.2.4. The Effect of Physical Activity on Sleep Quality
3.2.5. Connection between the Sense of Coherence and Physical Activity, and Their Effect on Sleep Quality
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Anthropometric Characteristics | Survey Date | Total | Friedman Test Pairwise Comparisons Adj. Sig. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 53 | ||||||
Mean | Std. | 0–3 | 3–6 | 0–6 | ||
Chest width (cm) | 0: Before starting the training | 94.5 | 8.9 | 0.808 | 0.001 | |
After the 3rd month | 94.1 | 8.4 | 0.005 | |||
After the 6th month | 93.3 | 8.0 | ||||
Hip width (cm) | 0: Before starting the training | 98.3 | 9.9 | 0.308 | 0.001 | |
After the 3rd month | 97.2 | 9.1 | <0.001 | |||
After the 6th month | 96.0 | 8.5 | ||||
Waist circumference (cm) | 0: Before starting the training | 88.0 | 10.8 | 0.734 | <0.001 | |
After the 3rd month | 87.5 | 10.1 | <0.001 | |||
After the 6th month | 85.9 | 10.1 | ||||
Right thigh circumference (cm) | 0: Before starting the training | 55.3 | 4.7 | 0.884 | <0.001 | |
After the 3rd month | 55.1 | 4.6 | <0.001 | |||
After the 6th month | 54.0 | 4.4 | ||||
Biceps circumference (cm) | 0: Before starting the training | 30.0 | 3.6 | 0.627 | 0.321 | |
After the 3rd month | 29.8 | 3.3 | 0.887 | |||
After the 6th month | 29.9 | 4.9 | ||||
Body fat percentage | 0: Before starting the training | 28.5 | 5.9 | 0.285 | <0.001 | |
After the 3rd month | 27.9 | 5.3 | <0.001 | |||
After the 6th month | 26.9 | 3.3 | ||||
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 0: Before starting the training | 23.3 | 4.3 | <0.001 | 0.627 | |
After the 3rd month | 22.5 | 4.0 | <0.001 | |||
After the 6th month | 23.1 | 4.0 |
Exercises | Survey Date | Total | Wilcoxon-Rank Test Sig. | |
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 53 | ||||
Mean | Std. | 0 vs.6 | ||
Squats | 0: Before starting the training | 24.9 | 7.4 | 0.022 |
After 6 months | 26.5 | 6.9 | ||
Pushups | 0: Before starting the training | 16.6 | 7.7 | 0.028 |
After 6 months | 17.5 | 7.4 | ||
Sit-ups | 0: Before starting the training | 18.2 | 7.3 | 0.033 |
After 6 months | 19.9 | 6.0 | ||
Stretches | 0: Before starting the training | 88.6 | 9.5 | 0.002 |
After 6 months | 89.1 | 10.1 |
Surveys | Healthy Diet | Unhealthy Diet | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Spearman’s Rho | Sig. | Spearman’s Rho | Sig. | |
Between months 0 and 3 | −0.296 | 0.142 | −0.201 | 0.315 |
Between months 3 and 6 | −0.271 | 0.181 | −0.195 | 0.331 |
Between months 0 and 6 | −0.690 | 0.001 | −0.202 | 0.312 |
Variable | Survey Date | Total | Friedman Test Pairwise Comparisons Sig. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 53 | ||||||
Mean | Std. | 0–3 | 3–6 | 0–6 | ||
Comprehensibility | 0: Before starting the training | 9.3 | 3.1 | 0.143 | 0.048 | |
After the 3rd month | 9.8 | 2.6 | 0.142 | |||
After the 6th month | 10.5 | 3.0 | ||||
Manageability | 0: Before starting the training | 8.7 | 2.5 | 0.174 | 0.003 | |
After the 3rd month | 9.1 | 2.3 | 0.099 | |||
After the 6th month | 10.1 | 3.1 | ||||
Meaningfulness | 0: Before starting the training | 11.3 | 2.0 | 0.145 | 0.029 | |
After the 3rd month | 11.8 | 2.2 | 0.466 | |||
After the 6th month | 12.1 | 2.3 | ||||
Sense of coherence | 0: Before starting the training | 29.3 | 5.8 | 0.356 | 0.005 | |
After the 3rd month | 30.6 | 5.5 | 0.076 | |||
After the 6th month | 32.7 | 7.6 | ||||
Regensburger insomnia scale | 0: Before starting the training | 16.1 | 3.1 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
After the 3rd month | 13.8 | 2.9 | <0.001 | |||
After the 6th month | 9.1 | 2.1 |
Variable | Sig. | Exp (B) | 95% CI for EXP (B) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||
Do you live in a house with a garden? (yes = 1, no = 0) | 0.152 | 0.307 | 0.061 | 1.544 |
Were you severely affected by the lockdown? | 0.449 | 1.252 | 0.700 | 2.239 |
(yes = 1, no = 0) | ||||
Did you spend less time outdoors? | 0.842 | 1.064 | 0.578 | 1.957 |
(yes = 1, no = 0) |
Variable | Sig. | Exp(B) | 95% CI for EXP (B) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||
SOC (stronger = 0, weaker = 1) | 0.091 | 2.101 | 2.101 | 0.887 |
Physical activity (yes = 0, no = 1) | 0.036 | 0.383 | 0.383 | 0.156 |
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Szovák, E.; Varga, K.; Pelyva, I.Z.; Soós, R.; Jeges, S.; Kívés, Z.; Tóth, Á.L. Insights Gained in the Aftermath of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Follow-Up Survey of a Recreational Training Program, Focusing on Sense of Coherence and Sleep Quality. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 9201. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249201
Szovák E, Varga K, Pelyva IZ, Soós R, Jeges S, Kívés Z, Tóth ÁL. Insights Gained in the Aftermath of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Follow-Up Survey of a Recreational Training Program, Focusing on Sense of Coherence and Sleep Quality. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(24):9201. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249201
Chicago/Turabian StyleSzovák, Etelka, Károly Varga, Imre Zoltán Pelyva, Rita Soós, Sára Jeges, Zsuzsanna Kívés, and Ákos Levente Tóth. 2020. "Insights Gained in the Aftermath of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Follow-Up Survey of a Recreational Training Program, Focusing on Sense of Coherence and Sleep Quality" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24: 9201. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249201