Socio-Demographic Correlates of Cycling to School among 12- to 15-Year Olds in Southern Germany
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Socio-Demographic Characteristics and Cycling to School in the Sample of Students
2.3.2. Socio-Demographic Characteristics and Cycling to School in the Sample of Parents
2.3.3. Distance from Home to School
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Students’ Socio-Demographic Characteristics as Correlates of their Cycling to School Habits
3.2. Parents’ and their Child’s Socio-Demographic Characteristics as Correlates of their Child’s Cycling to School Habit
4. Discussion
4.1. Rate and Correlates of Cycling to School
4.2. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Appendix A
Socio-Demographic Characteristics | Girls (n = 49) | Boys (n = 72) | Total (N = 121) |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years in M ± SD) | 13.1 ± 0.9 | 13.1 ± 0.9 | 13.1 ± 0.9 |
Educational level/school’s region | |||
(a) high/urban | 13 (26.5%) | 29 (40.3%) | 42 (34.7%) |
(b) intermediate/suburban | 36 (73.5%) | 43 (59.7%) | 79 (65.3%) |
Number of inhabitants | |||
(a) city | 13 (26.5%) | 29 (40.3%) | 42 (34.7%) |
(b) medium-sized town | 15 (30.6%) | 22 (30.6%) | 37 (30.6%) |
(c) small town | 21 (42.9%) | 21 (29.2%) | 42 (34.7%) |
Bicycle ownership | |||
(a) yes | 43 (87.8%) | 72 (100%) | 115 (95.0%) |
(b) no | 6 (12.2%) | 0 (0%) | 6 (5.0%) |
Ability to cycle | |||
(a) yes | 49 (100%) | 72 (100%) | 121 (100%) |
(b) no | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
Cycling to school (habit) | |||
(a) yes | 20 (44.4%) | 51 (72.9%) | 71 (61.7%) |
(b) no | 25 (55.6%) | 19 (27.1%) | 44 (38.3%) |
Cycling to school (days/week in M ± SD) | 1.6 ± 2.0 | 2.7 ± 2.0 | 2.3 ± 2.0 |
Cycling distance home/school (km in M ± SD) | 3.3 ± 2.6 | 4.0 ± 3.1 | 3.7 ± 2.9 |
Socio-Demographic Characteristics | Girls | Boys | Girls and Boys | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
p | OR | 95% CI for OR | p | OR | 95% CI for OR | p | OR | 95% CI for OR | ||||
Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | |||||||
Gender | 0.003 | 3.4 | 1.5 | 7.4 | ||||||||
(a) girls | ||||||||||||
(b) boys (ref.) | ||||||||||||
Age (in years) | 0.002 | 4.9 | 1.8 | 13.6 | 0.329 | 1.4 | 0.7 | 2.5 | 0.002 | 2.1 | 1.3 | 3.3 |
Educational level/school’s region | ||||||||||||
(a) high/urban (ref.) | ||||||||||||
(b) intermediate/suburban | 0.078 | 3.5 | 0.9 | 14.1 | 0.382 | 1.6 | 0.5 | 5 | 0.035 | 2.5 | 1.1 | 5.8 |
Number of inhabitants | ||||||||||||
(a) city (ref.) | ||||||||||||
(b) medium-sized town | 0.790 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 6.4 | 0.353 | 1.8 | 0.5 | 6.6 | 0.336 | 1.6 | 0.6 | 4.5 |
(c) small town | 0.012 | 8 | 1.6 | 40.6 | 0.566 | 1.5 | 0.4 | 5.4 | 0.01 | 3.5 | 1.4 | 8.9 |
Cycling distance home/school (in km) | 0.098 | 1.3 | 1 | 1.7 | 0.469 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 0.226 | 1.1 | 1 | 1.2 |
Socio-Demographic Characteristics | Mothers (n = 34) | Fathers (n = 8) | Total (N = 42) |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years in M ± SD) | 46.8 ± 5.1 | 52.1 ± 5.2 | 47.8 ± 5.5 |
Age of child (years in M ± SD) | 12.6 ± 0.7 | 13.0 ± 0.8 | 12.7 ± 0.7 |
Gender of child | |||
(a) daughter | 12 (35.3%) | 3 (37.5%) | 15 (35.7%) |
(b) son | 22 (64.7%) | 5 (62.5%) | 27 (64.3%) |
Educational level/school’s region of child | |||
(a) high/urban | 15 (44.1%) | 4 (50.0%) | 19 (45.2%) |
(b) intermediate/suburban | 19 (55.9%) | 4 (50.0%) | 23 (54.8%) |
Number of inhabitants | |||
(a) city | 15 (44.1%) | 4 (50.0%) | 19 (45.2%) |
(b) medium-sized town | 16 (47.1%) | 4 (50.0%) | 20 (47.6%) |
(c) small town | 3 (8.8%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (7.1%) |
Bicycle ownership of child | |||
(a) yes | 34 (100%) | 8 (100%) | 42 (100%) |
(b) no | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
Child’s ability to cycle | |||
(a) yes | 34 (100%) | 8 (100%) | 42 (100%) |
(b) no | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
Cycling to school of child (habit) | |||
(a) yes | 22 (66.7%) | 5 (71.4%) | 27 (67.5%) |
(b) no | 11 (33.3%) | 2 (28.6%) | 13 (32.5%) |
Cycling to school of child (days/week in M ± SD) | 2.6 ± 2.3 | 3.1 ± 2.2 | 2.7 ± 2.3 |
Cycling distance home/school of child (km in M ± SD) | 4.3 ± 3.2 | 5.2 ± 3.2 | 4.5 ± 3.2 |
Bicycle ownership | |||
(a) yes | 33 (97.1%) | 8 (100%) | 41 (97.6%) |
(b) no | 1 (2.9%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2.4%) |
Ability to cycle | |||
(a) yes | 34 (100%) | 8 (100%) | 42 (100%) |
(b) no | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
Employment status | |||
(a) yes | 31 (91.2%) | 8 (100%) | 39 (92.9%) |
(b) no | 3 (8.8%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (7.1%) |
Work (days/week in M ± SD) | 3.7 ± 1.5 | 4.9 ± 0.4 | 3.9 ± 1.4 |
Cycling to work (habit) | |||
(a) yes | 12 (40.0%) | 4 (50.0%) | 16 (42.1%) |
(b) no | 18 (60.0%) | 4 (50.0%) | 22 (57.9%) |
Cycling to work (days/week in M ± SD) | 1.3 ± 1.9 | 1.8 ± 2.2 | 1.4 ± 1.9 |
Cycling distance home/work (km in M ± SD) | 13.0 ± 14.4 | 7.9 ± 5.5 | 11.9 ± 13.2 |
Socio-Demographic Characteristics | Mothers | Mothers and Fathers | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
p | OR | 95% CI for OR | p | OR | 95% CI for OR | |||
Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | |||||
Gender | ||||||||
(a) mothers (ref.) | ||||||||
(b) fathers | 0.807 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 4.8 | ||||
Age (in years) | 0.349 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 0.265 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.2 |
Age of child (in years) | 0.103 | 2.7 | 0.8 | 8.8 | 0.228 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 4.8 |
Gender of child | 0.445 | 1.8 | 0.4 | 7.9 | 0.308 | 2 | 0.5 | 8 |
(a) daughter | ||||||||
(b) son (ref.) | ||||||||
Educational level/school’s region of child | ||||||||
(a) high/urban (ref.) | ||||||||
(b) intermediate/suburban | 0.036 | 6.5 | 1.1 | 37.5 | 0.01 | 9.4 | 1.7 | 51 |
Number of inhabitants | ||||||||
(a) city (ref.) | ||||||||
(b) medium-sized town | 0.029 | 7.4 | 1.2 | 45 | 0.008 | 10.6 | 1.9 | 60.2 |
(c) small town | 0.413 | 3.3 | 0.2 | 54.8 | 0.313 | 4.3 | 0.3 | 70.8 |
Cycling distance home/school of child (in km) | 0.02 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 1.8 | 0.006 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 1.8 |
Employment status | ||||||||
(a) yes (ref.) | ||||||||
(b) no | 1 | 1 | 0.1 | 12.4 | 0.974 | 1 | 0.1 | 12.7 |
Work (in days/week) | 0.739 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 1.8 | 0.764 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 1.7 |
Cycling to work (habit) | ||||||||
(a) yes (ref.) | ||||||||
(b) no | 0.103 | 4.4 | 0.7 | 26.7 | 0.043 | 5.9 | 1.1 | 32.9 |
Cycling to work (in days/week) | 0.130 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 0.063 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 1 |
Cycling distance home/work (in km) | 0.586 | 1 | 1 | 1.1 | 0.779 | 1 | 1 | 1.1 |
References
- Poitras, V.J.; Gray, C.E.; Borghese, M.M.; Carson, V.; Chaput, J.-P.; Janssen, I.; Katzmarzyk, P.T.; Pate, R.R.; Gorber, S.C.; Kho, M.E.; et al. Systematic review of the relationships between objectively measured physical activity and health indicators in school-aged children and youth. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 2016, 41, 197–239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Finger, J.D.; Varnaccia, G.; Borrmann, A.; Lange, C.; Mensink, G.B.M. Körperliche Aktivität von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland—Querschnittergebnisse aus KiGGS Welle 2 und Trends. J. Health Monit. 2018, 3, 24–31. [Google Scholar]
- Roth, M.A.; Millett, C.J.; Mindell, J.S. The contribution of active travel (walking and cycling) in children to overall physical activity levels: A national cross sectional study. Prev. Med. 2012, 54, 134–139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cooper, A.R.; Wedderkopp, N.; Jago, R.; Kristensen, P.L.; Moller, N.C.; Froberg, K.; Page, A.S.; Andersen, L.B. Longitudinal associations of cycling to school with adolescent fitness. Prev. Med. 2008, 47, 324–328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cooper, A.R.; Wedderkopp, N.; Wang, H.; Andersen, L.B.; Froberg, K.; Page, A.S. Active travel to school and cardiovascular fitness in Danish children and adolescents. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2006, 38, 1724–1731. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lubans, D.R.; Boreham, C.A.; Kelly, P.; Foster, C.E. The relationship between active travel to school and health-related fitness in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2011, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Larouche, R.; Saunders, T.J.; Faulkner, G.E.J.; Colley, R.; Tremblay, M. Associations between active school transport and physical activity, body composition, and cardiovascular fitness: A systematic review of 68 studies. J. Phys. Act. Health 2014, 11, 206–227. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Reimers, A.K.; Jekauc, D.; Peterhans, E.; Wagner, M.O.; Woll, A. Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of active commuting to school in a nationwide representative sample of German adolescents. Prev. Med. 2013, 56, 64–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Reimers, A.K.; Marzi, I.; Schmidt, S.C.E.; Niessner, C.; Oriwol, D.; Worth, A.; Woll, A. Trends in active commuting to school from 2003 to 2017 among children and adolescents from Germany: The MoMo Study. Eur. J. Public Health 2020. [CrossRef]
- Landsberg, B.; Plachta-Danielzik, S.; Much, D.; Johannsen, M.; Lange, D.; Müller, M.J. Associations between active commuting to school, fat mass and lifestyle factors in adolescents: The Kiel Obesity Prevention Study (KOPS). Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008, 62, 739–747. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Schöb, A. Fahrradnutzung bei Stuttgarter Schülern. Erste Ergebnisse einer Schülerinnen- und Schülerbefragung an Stuttgarter Schulen 2005. Stat. Inf. 2006, 11, 294–317. [Google Scholar]
- Schönbach, D.M.I.; Vondung, C.; Hidding, L.M.; Altenburg, T.M.; Chinapaw, M.J.M.; Demetriou, Y. Gender influence on students, parents, and teachers’ perceptions of what children and adolescents in Germany need to cycle to school: A concept mapping study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6872. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- González, S.A.; Aubert, A.; Barnes, J.D.; Larouche, R.; Tremblay, M.S. Profiles of active transportation among children and adolescents in the global matrix 3.0 initiative: A 49-country comparison. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5597. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, X.; Telama, R.; Hirvensalo, M.; Tammelin, T.; Viikari, J.S.A.; Raitakari, O.T. Active commuting from youth to adulthood and as a predictor of physical activity in early midlife: The young Finns study. Prev. Med. 2014, 59, 5–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ramírez-Vélez, R.; Beltrán, C.A.; Correa-Bautista, J.E.; Vivas, A.; Prieto-Benavidez, D.H.; Martínez-Torres, J.; Triana-Reina, H.R.; Villa-González, E.; Garcia-Hermoso, A. Factors associated with active commuting to school by bicycle from Bogotá, Colombia: The FUPRECOL study. Ital. J. Pediatr. 2016, 42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pont, K.; Ziviani, J.; Wadley, D.; Abbott, R. The Model of Children’s Active Travel (M-CAT): A conceptual framework for examining factors influencing children’s active travel. Aust. Occup. Ther. J. 2011, 58, 138–144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Müller, S.; Mejia-Dorantes, L.; Kersten, E. Analysis of active school transportation in hilly urban environments: A case study of Dresden. J. Transp. Geogr. 2020, 88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pavelka, J.; Sigmundová, D.; Hamřík, Z.; Kalman, M.; Sigmund, E.; Mathisen, F. Trends in active commuting to school among Czech schoolchildren from 2006 to 2014. Cent. Eur. J. Public Health 2017, 25 (Supp. 1), S21–S25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Østergaard, L.; Grøntved, A.; Børrestad, L.A.B.; Froberg, K.; Gravesen, M.; Andersen, L.B. Cycling to school is associated with lower BMI and lower odds of being overweight or obese in a large population-based study of Danish adolescents. J. Phys. Act. Health 2012, 9, 617–625. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bere, E.; Oenema, A.; Prins, R.G.; Seiler, S.; Brug, J. Longitudinal associations between cycling to school and weight status. Int. J. Pediatr. Obes. 2011, 6, 182–187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bere, E.; Seiler, S.; Eikemo, T.A.; Oenema, A.; Brug, J. The association between cycling to school and being overweight in Rotterdam (The Netherlands) and Kristiansand (Norway). Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 2011, 21, 48–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D’Haese, S.; De Meester, F.; De Bourdeaudhuij, I.; Deforche, B.; Cardon, G. Criterion distances and environmental correlates of active commuting to school in children. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2011, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Trapp, G.S.A.; Giles-Corti, B.; Christian, H.E.; Bulsara, M.; Timperio, A.F.; McCormack, G.R.; Villaneuva, K.P. On your bike! a cross-sectional study of the individual, social and environmental correlates of cycling to school. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2011, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Panter, J.R.; Jones, A.P.; Van Sluijs, E.M.F.; Griffin, S.J. Neighborhood, route, and school environments and children’s active commuting. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2010, 38, 268–278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club e.V. (ADFC). Available online: https://fahrradklima-test.adfc.de/ergebnisse (accessed on 12 October 2020).
- Survalyzer. Available online: https://www.survalyzer.com/de (accessed on 20 April 2020).
- Ducheyne, F.; De Bourdeaudhuij, I.; Lenoir, M.; Cardon, G. Test-retest reliability and validity of a child and parental questionnaire on specific determinants of cycling to school. Pediatr. Exerc. Sci. 2012, 24, 289–311. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rodrigues, D.; Padez, C.; Machado-Rodrigues, A.M. Environmental and socio-demographic factors associated with 6–10-year-old children’s school travel in urban and non-urban settings. J. Urban. Health 2018, 95, 859–868. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Henne, H.M.; Tandon, P.S.; Frank, L.D.; Saelens, B.E. Parental factors in children’s active transport to school. Public Health 2014, 128, 643–646. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Aibar Solana, A.; Mandic, S.; Generelo Lanaspa, E.; Gallardo, L.O.; Zaragoza Casterad, J. Parental barriers to active commuting to school in children: Does parental gender matter? J. Transp. Health 2018, 9, 141–149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wilson, K.; Clark, A.F.; Gilliland, J.A. Understanding child and parent perceptions of barriers influencing children’s active school travel. BMC Public Health 2018, 18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dessing, D.; de Vries, S.I.; Hegeman, G.; Verhagen, E.; van Mechelen, W.; Pierik, F.H. Children’s route choice during active transportation to school: Difference between shortest and actual route. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2016, 13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- IBM Corp. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows; Version 25.0; IBM Corp.: Armonk, NY, USA, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Fromm, S. Binäre logistische Regressionsanalyse. In Eine Einführung für Sozialwissenschaftler mit SPSS für Windows; Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg: Bamberg, Germany, 2005; pp. 5–6. [Google Scholar]
- Schönbach, D.M.I.; Altenburg, T.M.; Marques, A.; Chinapaw, M.J.M.; Demetriou, Y. Strategies and effects of school-based interventions to promote active school transportation by bicycle among children and adolescents: A systematic review. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2020, 17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure. Available online: https://www.bmvi.de/SharedDocs/DE/Publikationen/K/radverkehr-in-zahlen.pdf?__blob=publicationFile (accessed on 21 March 2020).
- Verhoeven, H.; Simons, D.; Van Dyck, D.; Van Cauwenberg, J.; Clarys, P.; De Bourdeaudhuij, I.; De Geus, B.; Vandelanotte, C.; Deforche, B. Psychosocial and environmental correlates of walking, cycling, public transport and passive transport to various destinations in Flemish older adolescents. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0147128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Telama, R. Tracking of physical activity from childhood to adulthood: A review. Obes. Facts 2009, 3, 187–195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mandic, S.; Leon de la Barra, S.; García Bengoechea, E.; Stevens, E.; Flaherty, C.; Moore, A.; Middlemiss, M.; Williams, J.; Skidmore, P. Personal, social and environmental correlates of active transport to school among adolescents in Otago, New Zealand. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2015, 18, 432–437. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Schönbach, D.M.I.; Brindley, C.; Reimers, A.K.; Marques, A.; Demetriou, Y. Socio-Demographic Correlates of Cycling to School among 12- to 15-Year Olds in Southern Germany. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 9269. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249269
Schönbach DMI, Brindley C, Reimers AK, Marques A, Demetriou Y. Socio-Demographic Correlates of Cycling to School among 12- to 15-Year Olds in Southern Germany. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(24):9269. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249269
Chicago/Turabian StyleSchönbach, Dorothea M. I., Catherina Brindley, Anne K Reimers, Adilson Marques, and Yolanda Demetriou. 2020. "Socio-Demographic Correlates of Cycling to School among 12- to 15-Year Olds in Southern Germany" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24: 9269. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249269