Effects of Hearing Disability on the Employment Status Using WHODAS 2.0 in Taiwan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Outcome Measurements
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Men n = 10,155 | Women n = 8418 | p Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | % | No. | % | ||
Age (years) | <0.001 | ||||
Mean, SD | 53.76 | 10.834 | 52.96 | 10.990 | |
Education | <0.001 | ||||
≥College | 497 | 4.89 | 263 | 3.12 | |
Senior High | 1782 | 17.55 | 1260 | 14.97 | |
Junior High | 4977 | 49.01 | 3926 | 46.64 | |
≤Primary | 2899 | 28.55 | 2969 | 35.27 | |
Residence | <0.001 | ||||
Community dwelling | 10,094 | 99.40 | 8400 | 99.79 | |
Institution | 61 | 0.60 | 18 | 0.21 | |
Urbanization level | <0.001 | ||||
Rural | 1501 | 14.78 | 1065 | 12.65 | |
Suburban | 4271 | 42.06 | 3541 | 42.06 | |
Urban | 4383 | 43.16 | 3812 | 45.28 | |
Family income | 0.1352 | ||||
Average | 10,057 | 99.03 | 8354 | 99.24 | |
Middle low and low | 98 | 0.97 | 64 | 0.76 | |
Severity of Hearing functions | 0.0830 | ||||
Mild | 6351 | 62.54 | 5316 | 63.15 | |
Moderate | 2574 | 25.35 | 2026 | 24.07 | |
Severe | 1230 | 12.11 | 1076 | 12.78 | |
Work Status | <0.001 | ||||
Employed | 4864 | 47.90 | 2570 | 30.53 | |
Unemployed | 5291 | 52.10 | 5848 | 69.47 |
Variable | Employment (n = 7434) | Unemployment (n = 11,139) | p Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
Cognition | 18.15 | 16.001 | 25.05 | 20.568 | <0.001 |
Mobility | 4.91 | 11.311 | 12.44 | 19.353 | <0.001 |
Self-care | 2.04 | 7.054 | 5.40 | 12.738 | <0.001 |
Getting along | 30.85 | 24.991 | 39.24 | 28.194 | <0.001 |
Life activities | 9.18 | 18.245 | 19.03 | 27.560 | <0.001 |
Social Participation | 24.10 | 18.933 | 30.22 | 21.768 | <0.001 |
Summary | 16.33 | 12.315 | 23.27 | 16.898 | <0.001 |
Univariate Model | Multivariate Model | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Beta (β) | OR | 99% CI | p Value | Beta (β) | OR (Adjusted) | 99% CI | p Value | ||
Age (year) | 0.044 | 1.045 | 1.042 | 1.048 | <0.001 | 0.037 | 1.038 | 1.035 | 1.041 | <0.001 |
Sex (ref. = Male) | ||||||||||
Female | 0.738 | 2.092 | 1.969 | 2.222 | <0.001 | 0.796 | 2.216 | 2.079 | 2.363 | <0.001 |
Education (ref. ≥ College) | ||||||||||
Senior High | 0.301 | 1.351 | 1.151 | 1.586 | <0.001 | 0.185 | 1.203 | 1.019 | 1.420 | 0.0288 |
Junior high | 0.467 | 1.596 | 1.374 | 1.853 | <0.001 | 0.286 | 1.331 | 1.140 | 1.554 | <0.001 |
≤Primary | 1.451 | 4.267 | 3.651 | 4.986 | <0.001 | 0.948 | 2.579 | 2.189 | 3.039 | <0.001 |
Residence (ref. = Community dwelling) | ||||||||||
Institution | 1.781 | 5.936 | 2.859 | 12.325 | <0.001 | 1.966 | 7.140 | 3.368 | 15.138 | <0.001 |
Urbanization level (ref. = urban) | ||||||||||
Suburban | 0.072 | 1.074 | 1.009 | 1.144 | 0.0260 | 0.061 | 1.253 | 1.137 | 1.382 | 0.0746 |
Rural | 0.224 | 1.252 | 1.142 | 1.372 | <0.001 | 0.226 | 1.063 | 0.994 | 1.137 | <0.001 |
Family Income (ref. = Average) | ||||||||||
Middle Low and Low | 1.338 | 0.291 | 0.964 | 1.857 | 0.0818 | 0.376 | 1.457 | 1.024 | 2.072 | 0.0364 |
Severity (ref. = Mild) | ||||||||||
Moderate | 0.156 | 1.169 | 1.090 | 1.254 | <0.001 | 0.154 | 1.167 | 1.083 | 1.257 | <0.001 |
Severe | 0.308 | 1.360 | 1.239 | 1.493 | <0.001 | 0.424 | 1.528 | 1.384 | 1.688 | <0.001 |
Domain Score | ||||||||||
Cognition | 0.358 | 1.431 | 1.319 | 1.553 | <0.001 | |||||
Mobility | 0.917 | 2.501 | 2.346 | 2.666 | <0.001 | |||||
Self-care | 0.834 | 2.304 | 2.122 | 2.501 | <0.001 | |||||
Getting along | 0.338 | 1.401 | 1.305 | 1.505 | <0.001 | |||||
Life activities | 0.735 | 2.085 | 1.957 | 2.221 | <0.001 | |||||
Social Participation | 0.406 | 1.500 | 1.390 | 1.620 | <0.001 |
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Chao, P.-Z.; Huang, S.-W.; Escorpizo, R.; Chi, W.-C.; Yen, C.-F.; Liao, H.-F.; Chen, Y.-W.; Liou, T.-H. Effects of Hearing Disability on the Employment Status Using WHODAS 2.0 in Taiwan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 9374. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249374
Chao P-Z, Huang S-W, Escorpizo R, Chi W-C, Yen C-F, Liao H-F, Chen Y-W, Liou T-H. Effects of Hearing Disability on the Employment Status Using WHODAS 2.0 in Taiwan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(24):9374. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249374
Chicago/Turabian StyleChao, Pin-Zhir, Shih-Wei Huang, Reuben Escorpizo, Wen-Chou Chi, Chia-Feng Yen, Hua-Fang Liao, Yi-Wen Chen, and Tsan-Hon Liou. 2020. "Effects of Hearing Disability on the Employment Status Using WHODAS 2.0 in Taiwan" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24: 9374. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249374