Spatio-Temporal Variation of Groundwater Quality and Source Apportionment Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques for the Hutuo River Alluvial-Pluvial Fan, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Groundwater Sampling and Laboratory Analyses
2.3. Data Analysis
2.3.1. Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
2.3.2. Absolute Principal Component Score-Multiple Linear Regression (APCS-MLR)
2.3.3. Water Quality Index (WQI)
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Groundwater Quality Characteristic of the Hutuo River Alluvial-Pluvial Fan
3.2. Water Quality Classification
3.3. Spatio-Temporal Variation in Groundwater Quality
3.4. Correlations between the Water Quality Variables
3.5. Identifying the Main Groundwater Pollution Sources via PCA
3.6. Source Apportionment Using APCS-MLR
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Mean | S.D. | Min | Max | Standard | Below Standards for All Sites (%) | Units |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH | 7.48 | 0.30 | 6.85 | 8.54 | 6.5–8.5 | 1.23 | |
EC | 1303.32 | 559.78 | 370.00 | 3530.00 | - | - | μs/cm |
Na+ | 46.40 | 43.59 | 8.88 | 262.40 | 200 | 1.23 | mg/L |
Ca2+ | 175.69 | 66.08 | 51.57 | 359.80 | - | - | mg/L |
Mg2+ | 39.25 | 18.53 | 10.23 | 108.40 | - | - | mg/L |
Cl− | 100.59 | 73.67 | 15.85 | 385.90 | 250 | 4.94 | mg/L |
SO42− | 181.82 | 93.17 | 21.77 | 530.80 | 250 | 18.52 | mg/L |
HCO3− | 320.69 | 71.09 | 153.30 | 462.10 | - | - | mg/L |
NO3− | 121.90 | 105.92 | 5.04 | 509.00 | 88.6 | 53.09 | mg/L |
NO2− | 0.019 | 0.103 | 0.002 | 0.920 | 3.29 | 0 | mg/L |
TH | 600.32 | 217.17 | 178.10 | 1345.00 | 450 | 83.95 | mg/L |
TDS | 848.97 | 381.21 | 239.10 | 2269.00 | 1000 | 22.22 | mg/L |
COD | 0.922 | 0.378 | 0.320 | 2.240 | 3.0 | 0 | mg/L |
Fe | 0.216 | 0.478 | 0.010 | 3.216 | 0.3 | 17.28 | mg/L |
Mn | 0.008 | 0.016 | 0.001 | 0.120 | 0.1 | 1.23 | mg/L |
WQI Range | Dry Season | Rainy Season | Transition Season | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Rate (%) | Number | Rate (%) | Number | Rate (%) | |
Excellent water | 2 | 7.41 | 2 | 7.41 | 3 | 11.11 |
Good water | 15 | 55.56 | 19 | 70.37 | 19 | 70.37 |
Poor water | 8 | 29.63 | 4 | 14.81 | 5 | 18.52 |
Very poor water | 2 | 7.41 | 2 | 7.41 | 0 | 0.00 |
Water unsuitable for drinking purposes | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
Sum | 27 | 27 | 27 |
Parameters | Dry Season | Wet Season | Transition Season | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PC1 | PC2 | PC3 | PC1 | PC2 | PC3 | PC1 | PC2 | PC3 | |
pH | 0.041 | −0.121 | −0.745 | −0.879 | −0.021 | −0.191 | −0.810 | 0.133 | −0.001 |
TDS | 0.952 | 0.221 | 0.185 | 0.623 | 0.703 | 0.296 | 0.799 | 0.576 | 0.057 |
K+ | 0.748 | 0.285 | −0.402 | 0.099 | 0.779 | 0.353 | 0.136 | 0.777 | 0.101 |
Na+ | 0.721 | 0.525 | −0.071 | 0.376 | 0.694 | 0.484 | 0.608 | 0.636 | 0.037 |
Ca2+ | 0.891 | 0.087 | 0.359 | 0.811 | 0.520 | 0.179 | 0.815 | 0.403 | 0.167 |
Mg2+ | 0.709 | 0.078 | 0.380 | 0.604 | 0.323 | 0.413 | 0.756 | 0.107 | −0.064 |
Cl− | 0.883 | 0.189 | −0.028 | 0.548 | 0.672 | 0.232 | 0.599 | 0.697 | 0.040 |
NO3− | 0.906 | 0.055 | −0.008 | 0.793 | 0.347 | 0.079 | 0.814 | 0.194 | 0.189 |
SO42− | 0.735 | 0.356 | 0.263 | 0.530 | 0.619 | 0.406 | 0.768 | 0.413 | −0.040 |
HCO3− | 0.402 | 0.107 | 0.798 | 0.638 | 0.352 | 0.490 | 0.902 | 0.030 | 0.098 |
TH | 0.923 | 0.093 | 0.330 | 0.789 | 0.505 | 0.316 | 0.903 | 0.356 | 0.111 |
COD | 0.694 | 0.423 | 0.054 | 0.259 | 0.888 | −0.049 | −0.021 | 0.866 | −0.096 |
Mn | 0.056 | 0.916 | 0.070 | 0.104 | 0.077 | 0.921 | −0.036 | 0.018 | 0.934 |
Fe | 0.297 | 0.820 | 0.210 | 0.251 | 0.246 | 0.834 | 0.180 | 0.012 | 0.932 |
Eigenvalue | 8.09 | 1.59 | 1.48 | 9.14 | 1.40 | 1.09 | 7.65 | 1.87 | 1.64 |
% Total variance | 57.80 | 11.33 | 10.56 | 65.31 | 10.00 | 7.80 | 54.64 | 13.32 | 11.72 |
Cumulative % variance | 57.80 | 69.13 | 79.69 | 65.31 | 75.31 | 83.12 | 54.64 | 67.96 | 79.68 |
Parameters | Potential Pollution Source in the Dry Season (a) | R2 | Potential Pollution Source in the Wet Season (b) | R2 | Potential Pollution Source in the Transition Season (c) | R2 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S1 | S2 | S3 | US d | S1 | S2 | S3 | US | S1 | S2 | S3 | US | ||||
pH | 0.00 | 0.00 | 31.08 | 68.92 | 0.550 | 26.72 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 73.28 | 0.407 | 61.11 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 38.89 | 0.681 |
TDS | 60.84 | 4.31 | 34.44 | 0.41 | 0.991 | 14.08 | 60.02 | 8.05 | 17.85 | 0.763 | 46.97 | 1.69 | 39.46 | 11.88 | 0.979 |
K+ | 34.33 | 3.26 | 21.81 | 40.60 | 0.830 | 16.00 | 53.31 | 0.00 | 30.69 | 0.600 | 18.41 | 32.60 | 0.00 | 48.99 | 0.532 |
Na+ | 57.98 | 15.39 | 0.00 | 26.62 | 0.857 | 20.24 | 57.36 | 0.00 | 22.40 | 0.765 | 24.01 | 55.00 | 0.00 | 20.99 | 0.693 |
Ca2+ | 50.62 | 0.00 | 38.85 | 10.53 | 0.865 | 68.15 | 12.05 | 10.33 | 9.47 | 0.634 | 63.19 | 2.22 | 0.00 | 34.59 | 0.841 |
Mg2+ | 41.66 | 0.00 | 33.21 | 25.13 | 0.651 | 79.73 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 20.27 | 0.482 | 64.54 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 35.46 | 0.537 |
Cl− | 54.09 | 4.06 | 0.00 | 41.85 | 0.833 | 32.74 | 44.50 | 0.00 | 22.76 | 0.590 | 21.99 | 45.62 | 1.43 | 30.96 | 0.815 |
NO3− | 55.20 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 44.80 | 0.827 | 59.72 | 9.63 | 0.00 | 30.65 | 0.598 | 55.57 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 44.43 | 0.654 |
SO42− | 41.32 | 4.57 | 28.27 | 25.84 | 0.732 | 24.16 | 42.92 | 10.04 | 22.88 | 0.810 | 62.51 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 37.49 | 0.679 |
HCO3− | 7.12 | 0.00 | 43.64 | 49.24 | 0.824 | 37.98 | 9.95 | 0.00 | 52.06 | 0.489 | 41.16 | 0.00 | 15.56 | 43.28 | 0.672 |
TH | 41.40 | 0.96 | 39.99 | 17.66 | 0.974 | 78.85 | 10.69 | 0.00 | 10.47 | 0.626 | 41.72 | 39.49 | 0.00 | 18.79 | 0.935 |
COD | 71.06 | 13.90 | 0.00 | 15.04 | 0.645 | 0.00 | 43.05 | 0.00 | 56.95 | 0.523 | 13.57 | 57.09 | 0.00 | 29.34 | 0.381 |
Mn | 0.00 | 36.12 | 13.54 | 50.34 | 0.800 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 53.73 | 46.27 | 0.411 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 38.71 | 61.29 | 0.556 |
Fe | 33.64 | 55.59 | 0.00 | 10.77 | 0.888 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 52.90 | 47.10 | 0.503 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 39.56 | 60.44 | 0.605 |
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Zhang, Q.; Wang, L.; Wang, H.; Zhu, X.; Wang, L. Spatio-Temporal Variation of Groundwater Quality and Source Apportionment Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques for the Hutuo River Alluvial-Pluvial Fan, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1055. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17031055
Zhang Q, Wang L, Wang H, Zhu X, Wang L. Spatio-Temporal Variation of Groundwater Quality and Source Apportionment Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques for the Hutuo River Alluvial-Pluvial Fan, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(3):1055. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17031055
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Qianqian, Long Wang, Huiwei Wang, Xi Zhu, and Lijun Wang. 2020. "Spatio-Temporal Variation of Groundwater Quality and Source Apportionment Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques for the Hutuo River Alluvial-Pluvial Fan, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3: 1055. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17031055