The Impact of Dengue on Economic Growth: The Case of Southern Taiwan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Conceptual Framework
2.2. Regression Specification
2.3. Data
2.3.1. Study Period
2.3.2. Spatial Coverage of the Study
2.3.3. Data Type and Sources
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Estimation Results
3.3. Comparison to Similar Studies Using the Cost-of-Illness Approach
3.4. The Weakness of the Economic Growth Model-Based Regression Approach
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Types | Number of Observations | Average Growth (%) a |
---|---|---|
Observations with the ratio of dengue cases to the working-age population equals zero | 8948 | 2.48 |
Observations with the ratio of dengue cases to the working-age population from 0 to 0.1% | 1301 | 2.97 |
Observations with the ratio of dengue cases to the working-age population from 0.1% to 1% | 1812 | 2.06 |
Observations with the ratio of dengue cases to the working-age population over 1% | 821 | 0.52 |
All observations | 12,882 | 2.34 |
Variables | Description | Mean | S.D. |
---|---|---|---|
Dependent Variable | |||
The annual growth of average income | 0.0234 | 0.0692 | |
Explanatory Variable | |||
The annual confirmed number of dengue cases in village j and year t | 4.9190 | 18.8159 | |
The change in the ratio (DengueCase/working age population) from year t − 1 to year t in village j | 0.0015 | 0.0084 | |
Cj,t | The percentage of population, aged 15 to 64, with a bachelor’s degree or higher in village j and year t | 0.2989 | 0.1098 |
The annual growth of (1 + Cj,t) in village j and year t | 0.0082 | 0.0085 | |
The ratio of working age population (those aged 15 to 64) to total population in village j and year t | 0.8332 | 0.0537 | |
The change in the ratio of working age population to the total population in village j and year t | −0.0037 | 0.0086 | |
District | A vector of dummy variables denoting the district where the village is located | -- | -- |
Year | A vector of dummy variables denoting the year of observation points | -- | -- |
Independent Variables | Coeff. | S.E. |
---|---|---|
−0.226 | (0.100) * | |
2 | 1.641 | (1.095) |
0.237 | (0.062) ** | |
0.530 | (0.068) ** | |
0.507 | (0.030) ** | |
−0.495 | (0.046) ** | |
Constant | 0.012 | (0.002) ** |
Controlled by yearly dummies b | Yes | |
Controlled by district dummies b | Yes | |
Pseudo R2 | 0.146 |
dy/dx | S.E. | dy/dx | S.E. | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Direct effect | −0.235 | (0.104) * | 1.705 | (1.137) |
Indirect effect | −0.172 | (0.077) * | 1.245 | (0.841) |
Total effect | −0.407 | (0.180) * | 2.950 | (1.972) |
The Change in the Ratio (DengueCase/Working Age Population) | Marginal Mean | S.E. | n |
---|---|---|---|
For all observations (2010–2015) b | |||
0 | 0.0240 | (0.0007) | 12882 |
0.0005 | 0.0238 | (0.0007) | 12882 |
0.0015 | 0.0234 | (0.0007) | 12882 |
0.0025 | 0.0230 | (0.0007) | 12882 |
0.0099 | 0.0200 | (0.0017) | 12882 |
For observations in 2015 b | |||
0 | −0.0008 | (0.0021) | 2147 |
0.0015 | −0.0014 | (0.0019) | 2147 |
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Sher, C.-Y.; Wong, H.T.; Lin, Y.-C. The Impact of Dengue on Economic Growth: The Case of Southern Taiwan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 750. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030750
Sher C-Y, Wong HT, Lin Y-C. The Impact of Dengue on Economic Growth: The Case of Southern Taiwan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(3):750. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030750
Chicago/Turabian StyleSher, Chien-Yuan, Ho Ting Wong, and Yu-Chun Lin. 2020. "The Impact of Dengue on Economic Growth: The Case of Southern Taiwan" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3: 750. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030750