Factors Influencing the Quality of Life of Korean Elderly Women by Economic Status
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measurements
2.2.1. Demographic Characteristics
2.2.2. Physical Factors
2.2.3. Psychological Factors
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Comparison of General Characteristics of Participants According to Economic Status
3.2. Comparison of Physical and Psychological Factors of Participants According to Economic Status
3.3. Factors Affecting QOL of Participants According to Economic Status
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Low (n = 220) | Medium (n = 438) | High (n = 221) | χ2 (p) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (weighted %) | n (weighted %) | n (weighted %) | |||
Age (years) | 65–74 | 130 (55.0) | 259 (55.2) | 128 (50.2) | 1.660 (0.547) |
≥ 75 | 90 (45.0) | 179 (44.8) | 93 (49.8) | ||
Education Level | ≤ Elementary School | 173 (84.5) | 306 (73.7) | 133 (62.3) | 28.264 (<0.001) |
≥ Middle School | 31 (15.5) | 102 (26.3) | 77 (37.7) | ||
Employment | Yes | 38 (16.3) | 115 (26.5) | 46 (25.1) | 9.336 (0.015) |
No | 173 (83.7) | 294 (73.5) | 158 (74.9) | ||
Restricted Activity | Yes | 41 (19.1) | 101 (23.3) | 45 (20.0) | 1.809 (0.461) |
No | 171 (80.9) | 318 (76.7) | 161 (80.0) | ||
Frequency of Breakfast/Week | ≥ 5 | 172 (90.0) | 357 (90.9) | 172 (92.4) | 0.771 (0.775) |
≤ 4 | 21 (10.0) | 26 (9.1) | 13 (7.6) | ||
Frequency of Lunch/Week | ≥ 5 | 176 (91.3) | 340 (88.8) | 176 (93.3) | 3.413 (0.243) |
≤ 4 | 17 (8.7) | 43 (11.2) | 139 (6.7) | ||
Frequency of Dinner/Week | ≥ 5 | 179 (93.9) | 363 (94.6) | 179 (93.3) | 0.412 (0.848) |
≤ 4 | 14 (6.1) | 20 (5.4) | 10 (6.7) |
Characteristics | Low (n = 220) | Medium (n = 438) | High (n = 221) | χ2 (p)/p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (weighted %) | n (weighted %) | n (weighted %) | ||||
Physical Factors | Hypertension | Yes | 114 (53.2) | 267 (60.8) | 120 (55.0) | 4.141 (0.224) |
No | 107 (46.8) | 169 (39.2) | 100 (45.0) | |||
Stroke | Yes | 10 (4.7) | 22 (4.7) | 7 (3.9) | 0.270 (0.895) | |
No | 198 (95.3) | 398 (95.3) | 205 (96.1) | |||
Coronary artery disease | Yes | 15 (5.8) | 30 (7.3) | 14 (6.9) | 0.496 (0.796) | |
No | 193 (94.2) | 390 (92.7) | 198 (93.1) | |||
Arthritis | Yes | 101 (48.5) | 185 (44.0) | 98 (43.6) | 1.370 (0.593) | |
No | 105 (51.5) | 235 (56.0) | 114 (56.4) | |||
Diabetes Mellitus | Yes | 63 (29.1) | 103 (23.7) | 46 (22.5) | 3.099 (0.334) | |
No | 158 (70.9) | 333 (76.3) | 174 (77.5) | |||
Weight Change | No change | 153 (71.7) | 298 (70.7) | 168 (76.9) | 3.192 (0.656) | |
Loss | 32 (15.0) | 68 (16.1) | 28 (12.7) | |||
Gain | 26 (13.3) | 56 (13.2) | 22 (10.4) | |||
Alcohol consumption | Yes | 115 (55.4) | 257 (61.3) | 123 (56.2) | 13.189 (0.049) | |
No | 96 (44.6) | 166 (38.7) | 94 (43.8) | |||
Number of days of walking per week (day/week) | 0 | 91 (41.9) | 128 (31.0) | 41 (17.3) | 37.031 (<0.001) | |
1–2 | 28 (12.9) | 61 (14.2) | 34 (15.9) | |||
3–6 | 47 (23.2) | 111 (24.3) | 74 (35.9) | |||
7 | 38 (22.0) | 111 (30.5) | 60 (30.9) | |||
Length of time walking at a time (min) | ≤ 29 | 64 (30.1) | 159 (34.8) | 84 (38.4) | 34.859 (<0.001) | |
30–59 | 49 (23.8) | 124 (29.0) | 84 (40.4) | |||
≥ 60 | 108 (46.1) | 154 (36.1) | 52 (21.2) | |||
BMI (kg/m2) | ≤ 22.9 | 81 (37.9) | 133 (30.5) | 67 (28.9) | 7.093 (0.274) | |
23–24.9 | 42 (18.8) | 107 (25.7) | 57 (26.7) | |||
≥ 25 | 91 (43.3) | 189 (43.8) | 94 (44.4) | |||
Discomfort due to Hearing Changes | No discomfort | 140 (63.3) | 289 (67.7) | 154 (74.2) | 10.799 (0.143) | |
A little discomfort | 49 (23.1) | 105 (23.5) | 42 (16.0) | |||
A lot of discomfort | 31 (13.3) | 38 (8.4) | 19 (9.0) | |||
Psychological Factors | Stress | Feel a lot | 59 (23.9) | 109 (25.7) | 45 (19.5) | 4.029 (0.569) |
Moderate | 87 (43.2) | 192 (45.4) | 105 (47.4) | |||
Feel a little | 64 (32.9) | 117 (28.9) | 68 (33.1) | |||
Subjective Body Awareness | Thin | 50 (23.4) | 66 (16.1) | 33 (16.2) | 8.451 (0.173) | |
Normal | 89 (42.5) | 170 (40.0) | 96 (44.1) | |||
Overweight | 72 (34.1) | 186 (43.9) | 88 (39.7) | |||
Subjective Health Status | Good | 28 (15.0) | 62 (15.6) | 42 (21.1) | 18.067 (0.009) | |
Normal | 82 (37.9) | 179 (41.5) | 115 (49.9) | |||
Bad | 97 (47.1) | 179 (42.9) | 55 (29.0) | |||
Depressive symptoms (score) | 4.890 | 3.840 | 2.610 | <0.001 | ||
Quality of Life (score) | 0.800 | 0.850 | 0.880 | 0.049 |
Model | β | SE | t | p | R² | F | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low Economic Status | Arthritis | Yes(ref) | 1.000 | 0.543 | 14.946 | <0.001 | |||
No | 0.071 | 0.022 | 3.170 | 0.002 | |||||
Alcohol consumption | Yes(ref) | 1.000 | |||||||
No | 0.055 | 0.020 | 2.765 | 0.006 | |||||
Subjective health status | Good | 0.110 | 0.039 | 2.842 | 0.005 | ||||
Normal | 0.134 | 0.025 | 5.313 | <0.001 | |||||
Bad(ref) | 1.000 | ||||||||
Depressive symptoms | −0.007 | 0.003 | −2.313 | 0.022 | |||||
Medium Economic Status | Activity restriction | Yes | −0.088 | 0.021 | −4.118 | <0.001 | 0.486 | 9.820 | <0.001 |
No(ref) | 1.000 | ||||||||
Frequency of dinner/week | ≥ 5 | −0.093 | 0.034 | −2.688 | 0.008 | ||||
≤ 4(ref) | 1.000 | ||||||||
Arthritis | Yes(ref) | 1.000 | |||||||
No | 0.041 | 0.015 | 2.661 | 0.009 | |||||
Number of days of walking per week (day/week) | 0 | −0.099 | 0.020 | −4.969 | <0.001 | ||||
1–2 | −0.021 | 0.020 | −1.037 | 0.301 | |||||
3–6 | −0.020 | 0.019 | −1.060 | 0.291 | |||||
7(ref) | 1.000 | ||||||||
Length of time walking at a time (min) | ≤ 29 | −0.047 | 0.016 | −3.034 | 0.003 | ||||
≥ 60(ref) | 1.000 | ||||||||
Body mass index (kg/m2) | ≤ 22.9 | 0.044 | 0.024 | 1.794 | 0.075 | ||||
23–24.9 | 0.040 | 0.020 | 2.048 | 0.042 | |||||
≥ 25(ref) | 1.000 | ||||||||
Stress | Feel a lot(ref) | 1.000 | |||||||
Moderate | −0.027 | 0.014 | −1.927 | 0.056 | |||||
Feel a little | −0.081 | 0.017 | −4.877 | <0.001 | |||||
Subjective health status | Good(ref) | 1.000 | |||||||
Normal | 0.061 | 0.015 | 4.064 | <0.001 | |||||
Bad | 0.084 | 0.021 | 4.002 | <0.001 | |||||
Depressive symptoms | −0.005 | 0.002 | −2.414 | 0.017 | |||||
High Economic Status | Age (year) | 65–74 | 0.075 | 0.020 | 3.782 | <0.001 | 0.490 | 69.764 | <0.001 |
≥ 75(ref) | 1.000 | ||||||||
Activity restriction | Yes | −0.057 | 0.026 | −2.153 | 0.033 | ||||
No(ref) | 1.000 | ||||||||
Arthritis | Yes(ref) | 1.000 | |||||||
No | 0.086 | 0.022 | 3.851 | <0.001 | |||||
Number of days of walking per week (day/week) | 0 | −0.085 | 0.030 | −2.863 | 0.005 | ||||
1–2 | −0.064 | 0.026 | −2.498 | 0.014 | |||||
3–6 | −0.003 | 0.015 | −0.202 | 0.840 | |||||
7(ref) | 1.000 | ||||||||
Stress | Feel a lot(ref) | 1.000 | |||||||
Moderate | −0.048 | 0.019 | −2.562 | 0.011 | |||||
Feel a little | −0.052 | 0.024 | −2.206 | 0.029 | |||||
Depressive symptoms | −0.005 | 0.002 | −2.105 | 0.037 |
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Kwon, M.; Kim, S.A.; So., W.-Y. Factors Influencing the Quality of Life of Korean Elderly Women by Economic Status. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 888. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030888
Kwon M, Kim SA, So. W-Y. Factors Influencing the Quality of Life of Korean Elderly Women by Economic Status. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(3):888. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030888
Chicago/Turabian StyleKwon, Myoungjin, Sun Ae Kim, and Wi-Young So. 2020. "Factors Influencing the Quality of Life of Korean Elderly Women by Economic Status" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3: 888. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030888