Association between Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder in a Diagnostic Interviewing Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Comorbidity of Anxiety with PMDD
1.2. Generalized Anxiety Disorder
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. Procedures
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. BIS, Depression, and Irritability with PMDD
3.2. Association between GAD and PMDD when Controlling for BIS, Depression, or Irritability
3.3. Severity of PMDD, BIS, Anxiety, Depression, and Irritability in GAD among Women with PMDD
4. Discussion
4.1. Comorbidity of GAD in PMDD
4.2. Premenstrual Change in Depression, Anxiety, and Irritability in Women with PMDD and GAD
4.3. Role of Behavior Inhibition, Depression, and Irritability in Association between PMDD and GAD
4.4. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | PMDD Group N = 100 (Mean ± SD) | Paired t-Test | Control Group N = 96 (Mean ± SD) | Paired t-Test | Independent t-Test |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 24.77 ± 3.32 | 24.84 ± 3.46 | −0.152 | ||
Educational level | 16.15 ± 1.24 | 16.33 ± 1.26 | −1.025 | ||
BIS | |||||
Luteal | 21.52 ± 2.61 | 3.175 ** | 19.85 ± 2.19 | 0.745 | 4.855 *** |
Follicular | 20.90 ± 2.22 | 19.73 ± 2.22 | 3.687 *** | ||
BAS | |||||
Luteal | 41.51 ± 5.46 | −1.449 | 40.98 ± 4.43 | −0.093 | 0.746 |
Follicular | 42.09 ± 4.79 | 41.01 ± 4.63 | 1.604 | ||
Depression | |||||
Luteal | 24.81 ± 8.64 | 4.76 *** | 9.14 ± 5.77 | 1.73 | 14.99 *** |
Follicular | 19.15 ± 9.99 | 8.15 ± 5.14 | 9.75 *** | ||
Irritability | |||||
Luteal | 60.40 ± 12.19 | 3.588 ** | 50.15 ± 10.94 | 0.768 | 6.189 *** |
Follicular | 57.35 ± 10.40 | 49.59 ± 11.68 | 4.915 *** | ||
N (%) | N (%) | X2 | |||
GAD | |||||
Yes | 14 (86.0%) | 2 (14.0%) | 9.28 ** | ||
No | 86 (47.8%) | 94 (52.2%) |
Wald X2 | Df | Exp(β) | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|
PMDD versus controls | ||||
Model 1 | ||||
Age | 0.00 | 1 | 0.97 | 0.92–1.09 |
GAD | 6.70 | 1 | 7.65 ** | 1.69–34.63 |
Model 2 | ||||
Age | 0.02 | 1 | 1.01 | 0.92–1.10 |
GAD | 4.38 | 1 | 5.22 * | 1.11–24.54 |
Behavior Inhibition | 7.69 | 1 | 1.05 ** | 1.02–1.09 |
Model 3 | ||||
Age | 0.02 | 1 | 1.01 | 0.92–1.10 |
GAD | 4.04 | 1 | 4.96 * | 1.04–23.60 |
Irritability | 24.26 | 1 | 1.07 *** | 1.04–1.11 |
Model 4 | ||||
Age | 0.06 | 1 | 1.02 | 0.89–1.15 |
GAD | 0.79 | 1 | 2.32 | 0.36–14.90 |
Depression | 54.44 | 1 | 1.28 *** | 1.20–1.37 |
Variables | GAD (Mean ± SD) N = 14 | Paired t | Control (Mean ± SD) N = 86 | Paired t | t |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PMDDSQ | |||||
Luteal | 67.62 ± 18.40 | 2.75* | 67.57 ± 19.74 | 13.38 *** | 0.013 |
Follicular | 46.21 ± 24.33 | 27.05 ± 23.25 | 2.841 ** | ||
BIS | |||||
Luteal | 22.07 ± 2.20 | 3.02* | 21.43 ± 2.67 | 2.66 ** | 0.852 |
Follicular | 21.29 ± 2.05 | 20.84 ± 2.25 | 0.698 | ||
Anxiety | |||||
Luteal | 61.43 ± 6.55 | 0.67 | 53.14 ± 10.10 | 4.29 *** | 2.96 ** |
Follicular | 60.50 ± 7.42 | 50.09 ± 2.29 | 3.99 *** | ||
Depression | |||||
Luteal | 26.36 ± 5.81 | 0.61 | 24.56 ± 8.04 | 4.87 *** | 0.72 |
Follicular | 24.57 ± 8.04 | 18.27 ± 10.04 | 2.23 * | ||
Irritability | |||||
Luteal | 63.29 ± 11.40 | 0.13 | 59.93 ± 12.31 | 3.72 *** | 0.955 |
Follicular | 63.07 ± 7.64 | 56.41 ± 10.53 | 2.265 * |
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Yen, J.-Y.; Lin, P.-C.; Huang, M.-F.; Chou, W.-P.; Long, C.-Y.; Ko, C.-H. Association between Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder in a Diagnostic Interviewing Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 988. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030988
Yen J-Y, Lin P-C, Huang M-F, Chou W-P, Long C-Y, Ko C-H. Association between Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder in a Diagnostic Interviewing Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(3):988. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030988
Chicago/Turabian StyleYen, Ju-Yu, Pai-Cheng Lin, Mei-Feng Huang, Wei-Po Chou, Cheng-Yu Long, and Chih-Hung Ko. 2020. "Association between Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder in a Diagnostic Interviewing Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3: 988. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030988