Shift Work and Prostate Cancer: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Selection Criteria
2.2. Search Strategy and Study Selection
2.3. Data Extraction and Quality Evaluation
2.4. Data Synthesis and Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Selection
3.2. Methodological Evaluation of the Studies: Identification of Systematic Bias
3.3. Association between Shift Work and Prostate Cancer: Meta-Analysis Results
3.4. Publication Bias
4. Discussion
4.1. Methodology of the Studies
4.2. Discussion of the Results
Design
Methodological Quality of Studies
Exposure Variables
Stratified Analysis
Publication Bias
4.3. Strengths and limitations of the meta-analysis
4.4. Consequences and Applicability of the Results
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study, Year | Country | Population Analyzed | Sample Size | Exposure Variable/s | Outcome Ascertainment Source | Adjustment Variables | Total Quality Score 1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cohort Studies | |||||||
Pukkala et al. 2002 2 | Nordic countries | Pilots cohort (1943–1997) | 10,032 | Airline-related shift work | National population-based cancer registries | Age, number of block hours in long haul aircraft, country, estimation radiation dose | 5 |
Pukkala et al. 2003 | Nordic countries | Pilots cohort (1943–1997) | 10,051 | Airline-related shift work | National population-based cancer registries | Age, number of block hours in long haul aircraft, country, estimation radiation dose, altitude | 5 |
Kubo et al. 2006 | Japan | Industry workers (1988–1997) | 14,052 | Night and rotating work | PC recorded by national registries | Age, FHPC, study area surveyed, BMI, smoking, alcohol drinking, job type, PA at work, workplace, perceived stress, EL, MS | 7 |
Schwartzbaum et al. 2007 | Sweden | Industry workers (1960–1989) | 2,102,126 | Shift work | National population-based cancer registry | Age, socioeconomic status, occupational position and country of residence | 7 |
Kubo et al. 2011 | Japan | Industry workers (1981–2009) | 4995 | Shift work | Health insurance records | Age, BMI, alcohol intake, smoking, PA and MS | 7 |
Pukkala et al. 2012 | Nordic countries | Flight cabin workers (1947–1997) | 1559 | Airline-related shift work | National population-based cancer registry | Age, sex, country, time since first employment | 5 |
Gapstur et al. 2014 | United States | Volunteers from general population (1982–2010) | 294,440 | Night and rotating work | Mortality by PC recorded by the National Death Index | Age, race, EL, BMI, smoking history, FHPC, frequent or painful urination | 7 |
Yong et al. 2014 | Germany | Chemical industry workers (2000–2009) | 27,828 | Shift work | Regional population-based cancer registry | Age, smoking status, job level, and employment duration | 6 |
Hammer et al. 2015 | Germany | Chemical industry workers (2000–2009) | 27,828 | Shift work | Regional population-based cancer registry | Age, occupational task, and duration of employment | 7 |
Dickerman et al. 2016 | Finland | Twins cohort (1981–2012) | 11,370 | Night and rotating work | National population-based cancer registry (histologically verified). | Age, EL, BMI, PA, social class, smoking status, alcohol use, snoring, zygosity | 8 |
Akerstedt et al. 2017 | Sweden | Twins cohort (1998–2003) | 12,322 | Night and rotating work | National population-based cancer registry | Age, EL, tobacco use, alcohol use, PA, BMI, have children, coffee use and previous cancer | 8 |
Behrens et al. 2017 | Germany | Population from highly industrialized zone (2000–2014) | 1757 | Night and rotating work | Incident primary PC reported in the survey and subsequently evaluated in patient records. | Smoking status, FHPC, EL, equivalent income | 7 |
Case-control studies | |||||||
Conlon et al. 2007 | Canada | General population (1995–1998) | 2392: 760 cases, 1632 controls | Full-time rotating shift work | PC registry-identified cases | Age and FHPC | 5 |
Parent et al. 2012 | Canada | General population (1979–1985) | 912: 400 cases, 512 controls | Night shift work | Incident PC and other cancers, pathologically confirmed | Age, ancestry, EL, family income, respondent status, smoking, alcohol, BMI, farming, PA | 5 |
Papantoniou et al. 2015 | Spain | Hospital cases. Ambulatory controls, (2008–2013) | 2483: 1095 cases, 1388 controls | Night shift work | Incident PC, histologically confirmed | Age, center, EL, FHPC, PA, smoking status, past sun exposure and meat consumption | 7 |
Tse et al. 2017 | China | Hospital cohort (2011–2016) | 833: 431 cases, 402 controls. | Night shift work | Incident prostate cancer, confirmed by histology | Age, MS, employment, FHPC, consumption of deep-fried food and pickled vegetable, green tea drinking habits, bisphenol A exposure | 6 |
Wendeu-Foyet et al. 2018 | France | General population (2012–2013) | 1698: 819 cases, 879 controls | Night and rotating work | Incident prostate cancer, confirmed by histology | Age, ethnic origin, FHPC, BMI, EL, PA, sleep duration, Gleason score, chronotype | 8 |
Barul et al. 2019 | Canada | General population (2005–2012) | 3869: 1904 cases, 1965 controls | Night and rotating work | Incident prostate cancer, confirmed by histology | Age, ethnic origin (ancestry) and EL. Lifestyle and occupational variables were not included according to a Directed Acyclic Graph. | 9 |
Subgroup Items | Number 1 | Pooled Results | Heterogeneity (I2), % | p-Value of Heterogeneity |
---|---|---|---|---|
Exposure variable | ||||
Rotating shift work exclusively | 7 | 1.05 (1.00–1.10) | 0.0 | 0.460 |
Night-fixed work exclusively | 3 | 1.81 (0.86–2.76) | 81.2 | 0.005 |
Both | 6 | 1.01 (0.87–1.16) | 46.0 | 0.099 |
Study design | ||||
Cohort | 11 | 1.03 (0.96–1.10) | 18.9 | 0.264 |
Case-control | 5 | 1.28 (0.98–1.58) | 68.7 | 0.007 |
Study quality | ||||
High | 4 | 0.99 (0.80–1.17) | 0.0 | 0.108 |
Medium | 9 | 1.06 (0.99–1.12) | 31.3 | 0.331 |
Low | 3 | 1.52 (0.87–2.18) | 69.5 | 0.008 |
Region of the study | ||||
Nordic European countries | 5 | 1.03 (0.98–1.08) | 0.0 | 0.431 |
Central-Southern European countries | 5 | 1.02 (0.85–1.18) | 44.5 | 0.125 |
Asian countries | 3 | 1.84 (1.01–2.67) | 0.0 | 0.771 |
United States and Canada | 3 | 1.19 (0.97–1.41) | 75.4 | 0.007 |
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Rivera-Izquierdo, M.; Martínez-Ruiz, V.; Castillo-Ruiz, E.M.; Manzaneda-Navío, M.; Pérez-Gómez, B.; Jiménez-Moleón, J.J. Shift Work and Prostate Cancer: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1345. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041345
Rivera-Izquierdo M, Martínez-Ruiz V, Castillo-Ruiz EM, Manzaneda-Navío M, Pérez-Gómez B, Jiménez-Moleón JJ. Shift Work and Prostate Cancer: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(4):1345. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041345
Chicago/Turabian StyleRivera-Izquierdo, Mario, Virginia Martínez-Ruiz, Elena Mercedes Castillo-Ruiz, Miriam Manzaneda-Navío, Beatriz Pérez-Gómez, and José Juan Jiménez-Moleón. 2020. "Shift Work and Prostate Cancer: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4: 1345. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041345