Association between Neighborhood Environment and Quality of Sleep in Older Adult Residents Living in Japan: The JAGES 2010 Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Definition of Sleep Quality
2.3. Explanatory Variables
2.3.1. Individual-Level Variables
2.3.2. Neighborhood-Level Variables
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Respondents
3.2. Variety of Sleep Quality among the Neighborhood Level
3.3. Individual and Neighborhood Factors Associated with Sleep Quality
3.3.1. Whole Respondents
3.3.2. Non-Depressive Respondents (GDS Score of <5)
3.3.3. Depressive Respondents (GDS Score of ≥5)
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Variable | Good (n = 12,579) | Poor (n = 4071) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | p * | ||
Sex | male | 6227 | 49.5 | 1875 | 46.06 | <0.001 |
female | 6352 | 50.5 | 2196 | 53.94 | ||
Age (years) | 65–69 | 3948 | 31.39 | 1356 | 33.31 | 0.002 |
70–74 | 3662 | 29.11 | 1249 | 30.68 | ||
75–79 | 2663 | 21.17 | 807 | 19.82 | ||
80–84 | 1556 | 12.37 | 446 | 10.96 | ||
≥85 | 750 | 5.96 | 213 | 5.23 | ||
Living alone | no | 11,089 | 88.15 | 3460 | 84.99 | <0.001 † |
yes | 1355 | 10.77 | 562 | 13.8 | ||
missing | 135 | 1.07 | 49 | 1.2 | ||
Self-rated health | fair | 10,729 | 85.29 | 2732 | 67.11 | <0.001 † |
poor | 1668 | 13.26 | 1276 | 31.34 | ||
missing | 182 | 1.45 | 63 | 1.55 | ||
Job | having | 2996 | 23.82 | 757 | 18.59 | <0.001 † |
no | 8581 | 68.22 | 2969 | 72.93 | ||
missing | 1002 | 7.97 | 345 | 8.47 | ||
Equivalent income | <200 | 6783 | 53.92 | 2525 | 62.02 | <0.001 † |
(million yen) | 200–400 | 4402 | 34.99 | 1244 | 30.56 | |
≥400 | 1394 | 11.08 | 302 | 7.42 | ||
Education (year) | <6 | 247 | 1.96 | 105 | 2.58 | <0.001 |
6–9 | 5375 | 42.73 | 1868 | 45.89 | ||
10–12 | 4517 | 35.91 | 1377 | 33.82 | ||
≥13 | 2256 | 17.93 | 641 | 15.75 | ||
other | 59 | 0.47 | 32 | 0.79 | ||
missing | 125 | 0.99 | 48 | 1.18 | ||
Walking time (min) | <60 | 7780 | 61.85 | 2778 | 68.24 | <0.001 † |
≥60 | 4162 | 33.09 | 1082 | 26.58 | ||
missing | 637 | 5.06 | 211 | 5.18 | ||
Treatment | yes | 8378 | 66.6 | 2917 | 71.65 | <0.001 † |
no | 3316 | 26.36 | 843 | 20.71 | ||
missing | 885 | 7.04 | 311 | 7.64 | ||
Depressive status | GDS score of <5 | 10,183 | 80.95 | 2286 | 56.15 | <0.001 |
GDS score of ≥5 | 2396 | 19.05 | 1785 | 43.85 | ||
Volunteer group | ≥ 1/month | 8818 | 70.1 | 2931 | 72 | 0.027 † |
< 1/month | 1198 | 9.52 | 338 | 8.3 | ||
missing | 2563 | 20.38 | 802 | 19.7 | ||
Sports group | ≥ 1/month | 7930 | 63.04 | 2720 | 66.81 | <0.001 † |
< 1/month | 2540 | 20.19 | 660 | 16.21 | ||
missing | 2109 | 16.77 | 691 | 16.97 | ||
Hobby activity | ≥ 1/month | 6675 | 53.06 | 2305 | 56.62 | <0.001 † |
< 1/month | 4074 | 32.39 | 1173 | 28.81 | ||
missing | 1830 | 14.55 | 593 | 14.57 | ||
Community trust | very | 9136 | 72.63 | 2528 | 62.1 | <0.001 † |
slightly | 2931 | 23.3 | 1400 | 34.39 | ||
missing | 512 | 4.07 | 143 | 3.51 | ||
Norms of reciprocity | very | 7374 | 58.62 | 1959 | 48.12 | <0.001 † |
slightly | 4652 | 36.98 | 1967 | 48.32 | ||
missing | 553 | 4.4 | 145 | 3.56 | ||
Community attachment | very | 10,590 | 84.19 | 3023 | 74.26 | <0.001 † |
slightly | 1783 | 14.17 | 1003 | 24.64 | ||
missing | 206 | 1.64 | 45 | 1.11 | ||
Receive emotional support | no | 11,338 | 90.13 | 3574 | 87.79 | <0.001 † |
any one | 611 | 4.86 | 325 | 7.98 | ||
missing | 630 | 5.01 | 172 | 4.23 | ||
Provide emotional support | no | 11,115 | 88.36 | 3503 | 86.05 | <0.001 † |
any one | 781 | 6.21 | 365 | 8.97 | ||
missing | 683 | 5.43 | 203 | 4.99 | ||
Receive instrumental | no | 11,607 | 92.27 | 3633 | 89.24 | <0.001 † |
support | any one | 415 | 3.3 | 289 | 7.1 | |
missing | 557 | 4.43 | 149 | 3.66 | ||
Locations with graffiti or garbage | present | 3349 | 26.62 | 1246 | 30.61 | <0.001 † |
absent | 9009 | 71.62 | 2764 | 67.89 | ||
missing | 221 | 1.76 | 61 | 1.5 | ||
Parks/foot paths suitable for exercise/walking | present | 9009 | 71.62 | 2629 | 64.58 | <0.001 † |
absent | 3419 | 27.18 | 1408 | 34.59 | ||
missing | 151 | 1.2 | 34 | 0.84 | ||
Locations difficult for walking (hills or steps) | present | 4939 | 39.26 | 1722 | 42.3 | 0.002 † |
absent | 7523 | 59.81 | 2316 | 56.89 | ||
missing | 117 | 0.93 | 33 | 0.81 | ||
Roads/crossroads with risk of traffic accidents | present | 8152 | 64.81 | 2792 | 68.58 | <0.001 † |
absent | 4291 | 34.11 | 1239 | 30.43 | ||
missing | 136 | 1.08 | 40 | 0.98 | ||
Fascinating views | present | 5088 | 40.45 | 1378 | 33.85 | <0.001 † |
or buildings | absent | 7298 | 58.02 | 2636 | 64.75 | |
missing | 193 | 1.53 | 57 | 1.4 | ||
Shops or facilities selling | present | 9427 | 74.94 | 2816 | 69.17 | <0.001 † |
fresh fruits & vegetables | absent | 3006 | 23.9 | 1229 | 30.19 | |
missing | 146 | 1.16 | 26 | 0.64 | ||
Dangerous places for | present | 7444 | 59.18 | 2552 | 62.69 | <0.001 † |
walking alone at night | absent | 4973 | 39.53 | 1473 | 36.18 | |
missing | 162 | 1.29 | 46 | 1.13 | ||
Houses or facilities where you feel free to drop in | present | 5279 | 41.97 | 1337 | 32.84 | <0.001 † |
absent | 7137 | 56.74 | 2682 | 65.88 | ||
missing | 163 | 1.3 | 52 | 1.28 |
GDS Score of <5 (n = 12,469) | GDS Score of ≥5 (n = 4181) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Good (n = 10,183) | Poor (n = 2286) | Good (n = 2396) | Poor (n = 1785) | ||||||||
n | % | n | % | p * | n | % | n | % | p * | ||
Sex | male | 5029 | 49.4 | 1011 | 44.2 | <0.001 | 1198 | 50.0 | 864 | 48.4 | 0.307 |
female | 5154 | 50.6 | 1275 | 55.8 | 1198 | 50.0 | 921 | 51.6 | |||
Age (years) | 65–69 | 3304 | 32.5 | 830 | 36.3 | <0.001 † | 644 | 26.9 | 526 | 29.5 | 0.008 |
70–74 | 3010 | 29.6 | 723 | 31.6 | 652 | 27.2 | 526 | 29.5 | |||
75–79 | 2135 | 21.0 | 421 | 18.4 | 528 | 22.0 | 386 | 21.6 | |||
80–84 | 1206 | 11.8 | 239 | 10.5 | 350 | 14.6 | 207 | 11.6 | |||
≥85 | 528 | 5.2 | 73 | 3.2 | 222 | 9.3 | 140 | 7.8 | |||
Living alone | no | 9052 | 88.9 | 1996 | 87.3 | 0.030 † | 2037 | 85.0 | 1464 | 82.0 | 0.021 |
yes | 1021 | 10.0 | 270 | 11.8 | 334 | 13.9 | 292 | 16.4 | |||
missing | 110 | 1.1 | 20 | 0.9 | 25 | 1.0 | 29 | 1.6 | |||
Self-rated health | fair | 9126 | 89.6 | 1812 | 79.3 | <0.001 † | 1603 | 66.9 | 920 | 51.5 | <0.001 † |
poor | 920 | 9.0 | 443 | 19.4 | 748 | 31.2 | 833 | 46.7 | |||
missing | 137 | 1.4 | 31 | 1.4 | 45 | 1.9 | 32 | 1.8 | |||
Job | having | 2591 | 25.4 | 487 | 21.3 | <0.001 † | 405 | 16.9 | 270 | 15.1 | <0.001 |
no | 6805 | 66.8 | 1631 | 71.4 | 1776 | 74.1 | 1338 | 75.0 | |||
missing | 787 | 7.7 | 168 | 7.4 | 215 | 9.0 | 177 | 9.9 | |||
Equivalent income (million yen) | <200 | 5170 | 50.8 | 1270 | 55.6 | <0.001 † | 1613 | 67.3 | 1255 | 70.3 | 0.087 |
200–400 | 3761 | 36.9 | 801 | 35.0 | 641 | 26.8 | 443 | 24.8 | |||
≥400 | 1252 | 12.3 | 215 | 9.4 | 142 | 5.9 | 87 | 4.9 | |||
Education (year) | <6 | 162 | 1.6 | 43 | 1.9 | 0.476 | 85 | 3.6 | 62 | 3.5 | 0.420 |
6–9 | 4211 | 41.4 | 975 | 42.7 | 1164 | 48.6 | 893 | 50.0 | |||
10–12 | 3737 | 36.7 | 834 | 36.5 | 780 | 32.6 | 543 | 30.4 | |||
≥13 | 84 | 0.8 | 17 | 0.7 | 41 | 1.7 | 31 | 1.7 | |||
other | 1944 | 19.1 | 404 | 17.7 | 312 | 13.0 | 237 | 13.3 | |||
missing | 45 | 0.4 | 13 | 0.6 | 14 | 0.6 | 19 | 1.1 | |||
Walking time (min) | <60 | 6104 | 59.9 | 1466 | 64.1 | <0.001 † | 1676 | 70.0 | 1312 | 73.5 | 0.042 |
≥60 | 3585 | 35.2 | 703 | 30.8 | 577 | 24.1 | 379 | 21.2 | |||
missing | 494 | 4.9 | 117 | 5.1 | 143 | 6.0 | 94 | 5.3 | |||
Treatment | yes | 6655 | 65.4 | 1582 | 69.2 | <0.001 † | 1723 | 71.9 | 1335 | 74.8 | 0.065 |
no | 2835 | 27.8 | 535 | 23.4 | 481 | 20.1 | 308 | 17.3 | |||
missing | 693 | 6.8 | 169 | 7.4 | 192 | 8.0 | 142 | 8.0 | |||
Volunteer group | ≥1/month | 7083 | 69.6 | 1592 | 69.6 | 0.692 | 1735 | 72.4 | 1339 | 75.0 | 0.161 |
<1/month | 1077 | 10.6 | 253 | 11.1 | 121 | 5.1 | 85 | 4.8 | |||
missing | 2023 | 19.9 | 441 | 19.3 | 540 | 22.5 | 361 | 20.2 | |||
Sports group | ≥1/month | 6254 | 61.4 | 1427 | 62.4 | 0.572 | 1676 | 70.0 | 1293 | 72.4 | 0.147 |
<1/month | 2269 | 22.3 | 487 | 21.3 | 271 | 11.3 | 173 | 9.7 | |||
missing | 1660 | 16.3 | 372 | 16.3 | 449 | 18.7 | 319 | 17.9 | |||
Hobby activity | ≥1/month | 5157 | 50.6 | 1139 | 49.8 | 0.439 | 1518 | 63.4 | 1166 | 65.3 | 0.423 |
<1/month | 3602 | 35.4 | 840 | 36.8 | 472 | 19.7 | 333 | 18.7 | |||
missing | 1424 | 14.0 | 307 | 13.4 | 406 | 16.9 | 286 | 16.0 | |||
Community trust | very | 7704 | 75.7 | 1598 | 69.9 | <0.001 † | 1432 | 59.8 | 930 | 52.1 | <0.001 † |
slightly | 2079 | 20.4 | 613 | 26.8 | 852 | 35.6 | 787 | 44.1 | |||
missing | 400 | 3.9 | 75 | 3.3 | 112 | 4.7 | 68 | 3.8 | |||
Norms of reciprocity | very | 6302 | 61.9 | 1255 | 54.9 | <0.001 † | 1072 | 44.7 | 704 | 39.4 | <0.001 † |
slightly | 3451 | 33.9 | 951 | 41.6 | 1201 | 50.1 | 1016 | 56.9 | |||
missing | 430 | 4.2 | 80 | 3.5 | 123 | 5.1 | 65 | 3.6 | |||
Community attachment | very | 8836 | 86.8 | 1884 | 82.4 | <0.001 † | 1754 | 73.2 | 1139 | 63.8 | <0.001 |
slightly | 1174 | 11.5 | 382 | 16.7 | 609 | 25.4 | 621 | 34.8 | |||
missing | 173 | 1.7 | 20 | 0.9 | 33 | 1.4 | 25 | 1.4 | |||
Receive emotional support | no | 389 | 3.8 | 92 | 4 | 0.135 | 222 | 9.3 | 233 | 13.1 | <0.001 † |
any one | 9285 | 91.2 | 2102 | 92 | 2053 | 85.7 | 1472 | 82.5 | |||
missing | 509 | 5 | 92 | 4 | 121 | 5.1 | 80 | 4.5 | |||
Provide emotional support | no | 467 | 4.6 | 112 | 4.9 | 0.288 | 314 | 13.1 | 253 | 14.2 | 0.541 |
any one | 9176 | 90.1 | 2070 | 90.6 | 1939 | 80.9 | 1433 | 80.3 | |||
missing | 540 | 5.3 | 104 | 4.6 | 143 | 6 | 99 | 5.6 | |||
Receive instrumental support | no | 244 | 2.4 | 78 | 3.41 | 0.007 | 171 | 7.1 | 211 | 11.8 | <0.001 † |
any one | 9500 | 93.29 | 2126 | 93 | 2107 | 87.9 | 1507 | 84.4 | |||
missing | 439 | 4.3 | 82 | 3.6 | 118 | 4.9 | 67 | 3.8 | |||
Locations with graffiti or garbage | present | 7844 | 77.0 | 1688 | 73.8 | 0.002 † | 1583 | 66.1 | 1128 | 63.2 | 0.429 |
absent | 2221 | 21.8 | 583 | 25.5 | 785 | 32.8 | 646 | 36.2 | |||
missing | 118 | 1.2 | 15 | 0.7 | 28 | 1.2 | 11 | 0.6 | |||
Parks/foot paths suitable for exercise/walking | present | 7502 | 73.7 | 1589 | 69.5 | <0.001 † | 1507 | 62.9 | 1040 | 58.3 | 0.004 † |
absent | 2564 | 25.2 | 683 | 29.9 | 855 | 35.7 | 725 | 40.6 | |||
missing | 117 | 1.2 | 14 | 0.6 | 34 | 1.4 | 20 | 1.1 | |||
Locations difficult for walking (hills or steps) | present | 3859 | 37.9 | 924 | 40.4 | 0.047 | 1080 | 45.1 | 798 | 44.7 | 0.972 |
absent | 6231 | 61.2 | 1347 | 58.9 | 1292 | 53.9 | 969 | 54.3 | |||
missing | 93 | 0.9 | 15 | 0.7 | 24 | 1.0 | 18 | 1.0 | |||
Roads/crossroads with risk of traffic accidents | present | 6518 | 64.0 | 1545 | 67.6 | 0.004 † | 1634 | 68.2 | 1247 | 69.9 | 0.454 |
absent | 3556 | 34.9 | 723 | 31.6 | 735 | 30.7 | 516 | 28.9 | |||
missing | 109 | 1.1 | 18 | 0.8 | 27 | 1.1 | 22 | 1.2 | |||
Fascinating views or buildings | present | 4329 | 42.5 | 874 | 38.2 | <0.001 † | 1583 | 66.1 | 1128 | 63.2 | 0.051 |
absent | 5701 | 56.0 | 1383 | 60.5 | 785 | 32.8 | 646 | 36.2 | |||
missing | 153 | 1.5 | 29 | 1.3 | 28 | 1.2 | 11 | 0.6 | |||
Shops or facilities selling fresh fruits & vegetables | present | 7844 | 77.0 | 1688 | 73.8 | <0.001 † | 704 | 29.4 | 460 | 25.8 | 0.017 |
absent | 2221 | 21.8 | 583 | 25.5 | 1658 | 69.2 | 1303 | 73.0 | |||
missing | 118 | 1.2 | 15 | 0.7 | 34 | 1.4 | 22 | 1.2 | |||
Dangerous places for walking alone at night | present | 7844 | 77.0 | 1688 | 73.8 | 0.017 † | 1583 | 66.1 | 1128 | 63.2 | 0.643 |
absent | 2221 | 21.8 | 583 | 25.5 | 785 | 32.8 | 646 | 36.2 | |||
missing | 118 | 1.2 | 15 | 0.7 | 28 | 1.2 | 11 | 0.6 | |||
Houses or facilities where you feel free to drop in | present | 4575 | 44.9 | 877 | 38.4 | <0.001 † | 704 | 29.4 | 460 | 25.8 | 0.028 † |
absent | 5479 | 53.8 | 1379 | 60.3 | 1658 | 69.2 | 1303 | 73.0 | |||
missing | 129 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.3 | 34 | 1.4 | 22 | 1.2 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PR | 95% CI | PR | 95% CI | PR | 95% CI | ||||||||
Individual factors | |||||||||||||
Depressive status | GDS score of <5 | ref | |||||||||||
GDS score of ≥5 | 1.93 | 1.80 | 2.07 | 1.93 | 1.80 | 2.07 | 1.92 | 1.79 | 2.06 | ||||
Age (years) | 65–69 | ref | |||||||||||
70–74 | 0.96 | 0.89 | 1.04 | 0.96 | 0.89 | 1.04 | 0.96 | 0.89 | 1.04 | ||||
75–79 | 0.82 | 0.75 | 0.90 | 0.82 | 0.75 | 0.90 | 0.82 | 0.75 | 0.90 | ||||
80–84 | 0.74 | 0.66 | 0.83 | 0.74 | 0.66 | 0.84 | 0.75 | 0.66 | 0.84 | ||||
≥85 | 0.68 | 0.58 | 0.80 | 0.68 | 0.58 | 0.80 | 0.69 | 0.59 | 0.80 | ||||
Sex | male | ref | |||||||||||
female | 1.12 | 1.05 | 1.19 | 1.12 | 1.05 | 1.19 | 1.12 | 1.05 | 1.19 | ||||
Living alone | no | ref | |||||||||||
yes | 1.15 | 1.05 | 1.26 | 1.15 | 1.04 | 1.26 | 1.14 | 1.04 | 1.26 | ||||
Self-rated health | fair | ref | |||||||||||
poor | 1.67 | 1.55 | 1.80 | 1.67 | 1.55 | 1.81 | 1.67 | 1.55 | 1.81 | ||||
Equivalent income (million yen) | <200 | ref | |||||||||||
200–400 | 0.95 | 0.88 | 1.02 | 0.94 | 0.88 | 1.01 | 0.94 | 0.88 | 1.01 | ||||
≥400 | 0.83 | 0.74 | 0.94 | 0.83 | 0.73 | 0.94 | 0.83 | 0.73 | 0.94 | ||||
Job | yes | ref | |||||||||||
no | 1.11 | 1.02 | 1.21 | 1.11 | 1.02 | 1.21 | 1.11 | 1.02 | 1.20 | ||||
Education (years) | <6 | ref | |||||||||||
6–9 | 0.94 | 0.76 | 1.18 | 0.94 | 0.75 | 1.17 | 0.94 | 0.75 | 1.17 | ||||
10–12 | 0.94 | 0.75 | 1.17 | 0.93 | 0.74 | 1.16 | 0.93 | 0.74 | 1.16 | ||||
≥13 | 0.94 | 0.75 | 1.19 | 0.93 | 0.74 | 1.18 | 0.93 | 0.74 | 1.18 | ||||
other | 1.25 | 0.81 | 1.92 | 1.24 | 0.81 | 1.90 | 1.24 | 0.81 | 1.90 | ||||
Walking time (min) | <60 | ref | |||||||||||
≥60 | 0.91 | 0.85 | 0.98 | 0.91 | 0.85 | 0.98 | 0.91 | 0.85 | 0.98 | ||||
Treatment | yes | ref | |||||||||||
no | 0.87 | 0.80 | 0.94 | 0.87 | 0.80 | 0.94 | 0.87 | 0.80 | 0.94 | ||||
Social environment | |||||||||||||
(Social Capital) | |||||||||||||
Civic participant | every 10% increase | 1.14 | 0.91 | 1.44 | |||||||||
Social cohesion | every 10% increase | 1.00 | 0.80 | 1.25 | |||||||||
Reciprocity | every 10% increase | 0.83 | 0.48 | 1.43 | |||||||||
Physical environment | |||||||||||||
No location with graffiti or garbage | every 10% increase | 0.83 | 0.51 | 1.33 | |||||||||
Parks or foot paths suitable for exercise or walking | every 10% increase | 1.00 | 0.72 | 1.37 | |||||||||
No difficult locations for walking such as hills or steps | every 10% increase | 0.84 | 0.68 | 1.04 | |||||||||
No risky roads or crossroads with risk of traffic accidents | every 10% increase | 0.83 | 0.51 | 1.35 | |||||||||
Fascinating views or buildings | every 10% increase | 0.99 | 0.73 | 1.33 | |||||||||
Shops or facilities selling fresh fruits and vegetables | every 10% increase | 1.09 | 0.82 | 1.45 | |||||||||
No dangerous places for walking alone at night | every 10% increase | 1.33 | 0.79 | 2.23 | |||||||||
Houses or facilities where you feel free to drop in | every 10% increase | 0.59 | 0.36 | 0.95 | |||||||||
Intercept | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.03 | -0.49 | 0.11 | 0.25 | -0.09 | 0.60 | 0.14 | 0.02 | 0.26 | |
Random effects | |||||||||||||
Community-level variance (SE) | 0.0004 | (−0.0003) | 0.0002 | (−0.0003) | 0.0001 | (−0.0003) | 2.97 × 10−11 | (5.5 × 10−11) | |||||
PCV | 0.50 | 0.75 | 0.99 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PR | 95% CI | PR | 95% CI | PR | 95% CI | |||||||
Individual factors | ||||||||||||
Age (years) | 65–69 | ref | ||||||||||
70–74 | 0.94 | 0.85 | 1.04 | 0.96 | 0.87 | 1.07 | 0.94 | 0.85 | 1.05 | |||
75–79 | 0.75 | 0.66 | 0.85 | 0.77 | 0.68 | 0.87 | 0.75 | 0.66 | 0.85 | |||
80–84 | 0.71 | 0.6 | 0.83 | 0.74 | 0.63 | 0.87 | 0.71 | 0.6 | 0.84 | |||
≥85 | 0.52 | 0.4 | 0.68 | 0.55 | 0.42 | 0.72 | 0.52 | 0.4 | 0.69 | |||
Sex | male | ref | ||||||||||
female | 1.16 | 1.06 | 1.27 | 1.15 | 1.05 | 1.26 | 1.17 | 1.07 | 1.28 | |||
Living alone | no | ref | ||||||||||
yes | 1.16 | 1.01 | 1.33 | 1.14 | 0.99 | 1.31 | 1.15 | 1 | 1.32 | |||
Self-rated health | fair | ref | ||||||||||
poor | 1.97 | 1.76 | 2.2 | 1.93 | 1.73 | 2.16 | 1.97 | 1.76 | 2.2 | |||
Equivalent income (million yen) | <200 | ref | ||||||||||
200–400 | 0.92 | 0.84 | 1.01 | 0.92 | 0.83 | 1.01 | 0.92 | 0.83 | 1.01 | |||
≥400 | 0.82 | 0.71 | 0.95 | 0.82 | 0.71 | 0.96 | 0.82 | 0.7 | 0.95 | |||
Job | yes | ref | ||||||||||
no | 1.16 | 1.04 | 1.29 | 1.13 | 1.02 | 1.27 | 1.15 | 1.03 | 1.28 | |||
Education (years) | <6 | ref | ||||||||||
6–9 | 0.84 | 0.6 | 1.16 | 1 | 0.91 | 1.09 | 0.82 | 0.59 | 1.14 | |||
10–12 | 0.84 | 0.6 | 1.17 | 1.06 | 0.57 | 1.97 | 0.82 | 0.59 | 1.14 | |||
≥13 | 0.81 | 0.58 | 1.14 | 0.88 | 0.8 | 0.97 | 0.79 | 0.56 | 1.11 | |||
other | 0.96 | 0.49 | 1.87 | 0.83 | 0.75 | 0.93 | 0.96 | 0.49 | 1.88 | |||
Walking time (min) | <60 | ref | ||||||||||
≥60 | 0.88 | 0.8 | 0.96 | 0.88 | 0.8 | 0.97 | 0.88 | 0.8 | 0.96 | |||
Treatment | yes | ref | ||||||||||
no | 0.84 | 0.76 | 0.94 | 0.83 | 0.75 | 0.93 | 0.84 | 0.76 | 0.94 | |||
Social environment | ||||||||||||
(Social Capital) | ||||||||||||
Civic participant | every 10% increase | 1.21 | 0.88 | 1.67 | ||||||||
Social cohesion | every 10% increase | 1.04 | 0.77 | 1.4 | ||||||||
Reciprocity | every 10% increase | 0.96 | 0.44 | 2.1 | ||||||||
Physical environment | ||||||||||||
No location with graffiti or garbage | every 10% increase | 0.68 | 0.36 | 1.29 | ||||||||
Parks or foot paths suitable for exercise or walking | every 10% increase | 0.99 | 0.64 | 1.54 | ||||||||
No difficult locations for walking such as hills or steps | every 10% increase | 0.75 | 0.56 | 0.99 | ||||||||
No risky roads or crossroads with risk of traffic accidents | every 10% increase | 0.92 | 0.47 | 1.79 | ||||||||
Fascinating views or buildings | every 10% increase | 0.98 | 0.66 | 1.47 | ||||||||
Shops or facilities selling fresh fruits and vegetables | every 10% increase | 1.21 | 0.82 | 1.78 | ||||||||
No dangerous places for walking alone at night | every 10% increase | 1.41 | 0.7 | 2.86 | ||||||||
Houses or facilities where you feel free to drop in | every 10% increase | 0.51 | 0.26 | 0.98 | ||||||||
Intercept | 0.2 | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.12 | 0.07 | 0.19 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.66 | 0.14 | 0.66 | 0.34 |
Random effects | ||||||||||||
Community-level variance (SE) | 0.00074 | (0.00038) | 0.06 | (0.00061) | 0.00045 | 0.00055 | (0.00044) | 0.00025 | (0.00041) | |||
PCV | 0.176 | 0.257 | 0.662 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PR | 95% CI | PR | 95% CI | PR | 95% CI | |||||||
Individual-level | ||||||||||||
Age (years) | 65–69 | ref | ||||||||||
70–74 | 0.99 | 0.87 | 1.12 | 1 | 0.88 | 1.13 | 0.99 | 0.87 | 1.12 | |||
75–79 | 0.92 | 0.8 | 1.05 | 0.94 | 0.82 | 1.09 | 0.92 | 0.8 | 1.06 | |||
80–84 | 0.79 | 0.67 | 0.94 | 0.83 | 0.7 | 0.99 | 0.8 | 0.67 | 0.95 | |||
≥85 | 0.83 | 0.68 | 1.01 | 0.86 | 0.7 | 1.06 | 0.84 | 0.68 | 1.02 | |||
Sex | male | ref | ||||||||||
female | 1.06 | 0.96 | 1.17 | 1.06 | 0.96 | 1.16 | 1.06 | 0.96 | 1.17 | |||
Living alone | no | ref | ||||||||||
yes | 1.14 | 1 | 1.29 | 1.11 | 0.97 | 1.26 | 1.14 | 1 | 1.29 | |||
Self-rated health | fair | ref | ||||||||||
poor | 1.49 | 1.35 | 1.65 | 1.46 | 1.32 | 1.62 | 1.49 | 1.35 | 1.65 | |||
Equivalent income | <200 | ref | ||||||||||
(million yen) | 200–400 | 0.97 | 0.87 | 1.09 | 0.99 | 0.88 | 1.11 | 0.97 | 0.87 | 1.08 | ||
≥400 | 0.86 | 0.69 | 1.08 | 0.89 | 0.71 | 1.11 | 0.86 | 0.69 | 1.07 | |||
Job | have | ref | ||||||||||
no | 1.04 | 0.91 | 1.19 | 1.04 | 0.91 | 1.19 | 1.04 | 0.91 | 1.19 | |||
Education (years) | <6 | ref | ||||||||||
6–9 | 1.07 | 0.79 | 1.44 | 1.11 | 0.82 | 1.5 | 1.07 | 0.79 | 1.44 | |||
10–12 | 1.05 | 0.77 | 1.42 | 1.09 | 0.8 | 1.49 | 1.05 | 0.77 | 1.42 | |||
≥13 | 1.12 | 0.82 | 1.54 | 1.15 | 0.84 | 1.6 | 1.12 | 0.82 | 1.55 | |||
other | 1.54 | 0.88 | 2.69 | 1.63 | 0.92 | 2.89 | 1.53 | 0.88 | 2.67 | |||
Walking time (min) | <60 | ref | ||||||||||
≥60 | 0.97 | 0.86 | 1.08 | 0.96 | 0.86 | 1.08 | 0.97 | 0.86 | 1.09 | |||
Treatment | yes | ref | ||||||||||
no | 0.92 | 0.81 | 1.06 | 0.92 | 0.8 | 1.05 | 0.92 | 0.81 | 1.06 | |||
Social environment | ||||||||||||
(Social Capital) | ||||||||||||
Civic participation | every 10% increase | 0.98 | 0.7 | 1.38 | ||||||||
Social cohesion | every 10% increase | 1.05 | 0.76 | 1.47 | ||||||||
Reciprocity | every 10% increase | 0.83 | 0.38 | 1.83 | ||||||||
Physical environment | ||||||||||||
No location with graffiti or garbage | every 10% increase | 1 | 0.49 | 2.04 | ||||||||
Parks or foot paths suitable | every 10% increase | 1 | 0.62 | 1.61 | ||||||||
for exercise or walking | ||||||||||||
No difficult locations for | every 10% increase | 0.99 | 0.73 | 1.35 | ||||||||
walking such as hills or steps | ||||||||||||
No risky roads or crossroads | every 10% increase | 0.75 | 0.36 | 1.55 | ||||||||
with risk of traffic accidents | ||||||||||||
Fascinating views or buildings | every 10% increase | 1.01 | 0.64 | 1.57 | ||||||||
Shops or facilities selling | every 10% increase | 0.96 | 0.63 | 1.45 | ||||||||
fresh fruits and vegetables | ||||||||||||
No dangerous places for | every 10% increase | 1.17 | 0.54 | 2.53 | ||||||||
walking alone at night | ||||||||||||
Houses or facilities where | every 10% increase | 0.72 | 0.35 | 1.47 | ||||||||
you feel free to drop in | ||||||||||||
Intercept | 0.47 | 0.45 | 0.25 | 0.15 | 0.43 | 0.28 | 0.03 | 2.41 | 0.31 | 0.14 | 0.67 | |
Random effects | ||||||||||||
Community-level variance (SE) | 4.6 × 10−21 | (1.09 × 10−20) | 9.22 × 10−18 | (1.79 × 10−17) | 2.04 × 10−19 | (4.87 × 10−19) | (1.6 × 10−11) | (3.9 × 10−19) | ||||
PCV | - | - | - |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Watanabe, M.; Shobugawa, Y.; Tashiro, A.; Ota, A.; Suzuki, T.; Tsubokawa, T.; Kondo, K.; Saito, R. Association between Neighborhood Environment and Quality of Sleep in Older Adult Residents Living in Japan: The JAGES 2010 Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1398. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041398
Watanabe M, Shobugawa Y, Tashiro A, Ota A, Suzuki T, Tsubokawa T, Kondo K, Saito R. Association between Neighborhood Environment and Quality of Sleep in Older Adult Residents Living in Japan: The JAGES 2010 Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(4):1398. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041398
Chicago/Turabian StyleWatanabe, Michiko, Yugo Shobugawa, Atsushi Tashiro, Asami Ota, Tsubasa Suzuki, Tomoko Tsubokawa, Katsunori Kondo, and Reiko Saito. 2020. "Association between Neighborhood Environment and Quality of Sleep in Older Adult Residents Living in Japan: The JAGES 2010 Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4: 1398. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041398