Mapping the Spatial–Temporal Distribution and Migration Patterns of Men Who Have Sex with Men in Mainland China: A Web-Based Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Sources
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics of the Population of Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) on BF99
3.2. Spatial-Temporal Distribution of MSM Users
3.3. The Migration Patterns of MSM
3.4. Relationship between the Distribution of MSM and GDP
3.5. Modeling the Impact of Spatial Distance and Income on MSM Flow
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Beyrer, C.; Baral, S.D.; van Griensven, F.; Goodreau, S.M.; Chariyalertsak, S.; Wirtz, A.L.; Brookmeyer, R. Global epidemiology of HIV infection in men who have sex with men. Lancet 2012, 380, 367–377. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Beyrer, C.; Sullivan, P.; Sanchez, J.; Baral, S.D.; Collins, C.; Wirtz, A.L.; Altman, D.; Trapence, G.; Mayer, K. The increase in global HIV epidemics in MSM. AIDS 2013, 27, 2665–2678. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, L.; Wang, N.; Wang, L.Y.; Li, D.M.; Jia, M.H.; Gao, X.; Qu, S.Q.; Qin, Q.G.; Wang, Y.H.; Smith, K.M. The 2007 Estimates for People at Risk for and Living with HIV in China: Progress and Challenges. JAIDS 2009, 50, 414–418. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Li, D.; Ge, L.; Wang, L.; Guo, W.; Ding, Z.; Li, P.; Cui, Y. Trend on HIV prevalence and risk behaviors among men who have sex with men in China from 2010 to 2013. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2014, 35, 542–546. [Google Scholar]
- Qin, Q.Q.; Guo, W.; Wang, L.Y.; Ding, Z.W.; Cai, C.; Cui, Y.; Sun, J.P. The characteristics of HIV-positive men who have sex with men in China and predictors of their migration, 2008–2015. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi [Chin. J. Prev. Med.] 2016, 50, 938–942. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- National Health Commission of People’s Republic of China. Transcript of the regular press conference of the National Health Commission on November 23, 2018. Available online: http://www.nhc.gov.cn/wjw/xwdt/201811/b0ca3817224e44899a3248a0f6e48948.shtml (accessed on 9 January 2020).
- Mi, G.D.; Ma, B.L.; Kleinman, N.; Li, Z.J.; Fuller, S.; Bulterys, M.; Hladik, W.; Wu, Z.Y. Hidden and Mobile: A Web-based Study of Migration Patterns of Men Who Have Sex with Men in China. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2016, 62, 1443–1447. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Qin, Q.; Wang, L.; Ding, Z.; Wang, L.; Hei, F.; Li, P.; Chen, F. Situation on HIV/AIDS epidemics among migrant population in China, 2008–2011. Chin. J. Epidemiol. 2013, 34, 41–43. [Google Scholar]
- National Bureau of Statistics of China. Survey and Monitoring Report of Migrant Workers in 2018. Available online: http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/201904/t20190429_1662268.html (accessed on 9 January 2020).
- Hong, Y.; Stanton, B.; Li, X.M.; Yang, H.M.; Lin, D.H.; Fang, X.Y.; Wang, J.; Mao, R. Rural-to-urban migrants and the HIV epidemic in China. AIDS Behav. 2006, 10, 421–430. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Peng, X.Z. China’s Demographic History and Future Challenges. Science 2011, 333, 581–587. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- He, N.; Detels, R.; Zhu, J.D.; Jiang, Q.W.; Chen, Z.; Fang, Y.; Zhang, X.H.; Wu, M.; Zhao, Q. Characteristics and sexually transmitted diseases of male rural migrants in a metropolitan area of eastern China. Sex. Transm. Dis. 2005, 32, 286–292. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zeng, X.; Zhong, X.N.; Peng, B.; Zhang, Y.; Kong, C.; Liu, X.Y.; Huang, A.L. Prevalence and associated risk characteristics of HIV infection based on anal sexual role among men who have sex with men: A multi-city cross-sectional study in Western China. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2016, 49, 111–118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Clark, J.; Salvatierra, J.; Segura, E.; Salazar, X.; Konda, K.; Perez-Brumer, A.; Hall, E.; Klausner, J.; Caceres, C.; Coates, T. Moderno Love: Sexual Role-Based Identities and HIV/STI Prevention Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Lima, Peru. AIDS Behav. 2013, 17, 1313–1328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Li, X.M.; Zhang, L.Y.; Stanton, B.; Fang, X.; Xiong, Q.; Lin, D. HIV/AIDS-related sexual risk behaviors among rural residents in china: Potential role of rural-to-urban migration. AIDS Educ. Prev. 2007, 19, 396–407. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Delaney, K.P.; Kramer, M.R.; Waller, L.A.; Flanders, W.D.; Sullivan, P.S. Using a Geolocation Social Networking Application to Calculate the Population Density of Sex-Seeking Gay Men for Research and Prevention Services. J. Med. Internet Res. 2014, 16, 14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Algarin, A.B.; Ward, P.J.; Christian, W.J.; Rudolph, A.E.; Holloway, I.W.; Young, A.M. Spatial Distribution of Partner-Seeking Men Who Have Sex with Men Using Geosocial Networking Apps: Epidemiologic Study. J. Med. Internet Res. 2018, 20, 14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- White, D.; Finneran, C.; Sato, K.N.; Stephenson, R. Sex, HIV, and the Internet: Exploring Variations in the Online Profiles of MSM in the United States. Am. J. Men’s Health 2014, 8, 289–299. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- BF99.com. Available online: http://www.bf99.com/User/About.htm (accessed on 12 June 2019).
- National Bureau of Statistics of China. Regulations on the division of three industries. Available online: http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/201301/t20130114_8675.html (accessed on 15 February 2020).
- Wang, J.F.; Li, X.H.; Christakos, G.; Liao, Y.L.; Zhang, T.; Gu, X.; Zheng, X.Y. Geographical Detectors-Based Health Risk Assessment and its Application in the Neural Tube Defects Study of the Heshun Region, China. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci. 2010, 24, 107–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, J.F.; Zhang, T.L.; Fu, B.J. A measure of spatial stratified heterogeneity. Ecol. Indic. 2016, 67, 250–256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wilson, A.G. A Family of Spatial Interaction Models, and Associated Developments. Environ. Plan. A Econ. Space 1971, 3, 1–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fotheringham, A.; O’Kelly, M.E. Spatial Interaction Models: Formulations and Applications; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Boston, MA, USA, 1989; Volume 5. [Google Scholar]
- Wu, J. From “Long Yang” and “Dui Shi” to Tongzhi: Homosexuality in China. J. Gay Lesbian Psychother. 2003, 7, 117–143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ren, Z.J.; Howe, C.Q.; Zhang, W. Maintaining “mianzi” and “lizi”: Understanding the reasons for formality marriages between gay men and lesbians in China. Transcult. Psychiatry 2019, 56, 213–232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wu, Z.; Sullivan, S.G.; Wang, Y.; Rotheram-Borus, M.J.; Detels, R. Evolution of China’s response to HIV/AIDS. Lancet 2007, 369, 679–690. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, H.; Yang, H.M.; Li, X.M.; Wang, N.; Liu, H.J.; Wang, B.; Zhang, L.; Wang, Q.Q.; Stanton, B. Men who have sex with men and human immunodeficiency virus/sexually transmitted disease control in China. Sex. Transm. Dis. 2006, 33, 68–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Ruan, F.F.; Tsai, Y.M. Male homosexuality in contemporary mainland China. Arch. Sex. Behav. 1988, 17, 189–199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, B.C.; Chu, Q.S. MSM and HIV/AIDS in China. Cell Res. 2005, 15, 858–864. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wei, S.; Zhang, H.B.; Wang, J.; Song, D.D.; Duan, Y.W.; Yu, F.; She, M.; Wang, M.; Zhang, H. HIV and Syphilis Prevalence and Associated Factors Among Young Men Who Have Sex with Men in 4 Cities in China. AIDS Behav. 2013, 17, 1151–1158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, Y.; Wang, J.; Qian, H.Z.; Liu, H.J.; Yin, L.; Lu, H.Y.; Zhang, C.; Ruan, Y.H.; Shao, Y.M.; Vermund, S.H. Seeking Male Sexual Partners via Internet and Traditional Venues among Chinese Men Who Have Sex with Men: Implications for HIV Risk Reduction Interventions. AIDS Behav. 2016, 20, 2222–2230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yanhai, W. Becoming a Gay Activist in Contemporary China. J. Homosex. 2001, 40, 47–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bien, C.H.; Best, J.M.; Muessig, K.E.; Wei, C.Y.; Han, L.; Tucker, J.D. Gay Apps for Seeking Sex Partners in China: Implications for MSM Sexual Health. AIDS Behav. 2015, 19, 941–946. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhang, D.P.; Bi, P.; Lv, F.; Zhang, J.; Hiller, J.E. Differences between Internet and community samples of MSM: Implications for behavioral surveillance among MSM in China. AIDS Care-Psychol. Socio-Med. Asp. AIDS-HIV 2008, 20, 1128–1137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zheng, L.J.; Zheng, Y. Online sexual activity in Mainland China: Relationship to sexual sensation seeking and sociosexuality. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2014, 36, 323–329. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cao, B.L.; Liu, C.C.; Stein, G.; Tang, W.M.; Best, J.; Zhang, Y.; Yang, B.; Huang, S.J.; Wei, C.Y.; Tucker, J.D. Faster and Riskier? Online Context of Sex Seeking Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in China. Sex. Transm. Dis. 2017, 44, 239–244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Suen, Y.T. To date or not to date, that is the question: Older single gay men’s concerns about dating. Sex. Relatsh. Ther. 2015, 30, 143–155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brumbaugh, S.M.; Sanchez, L.A.; Nock, S.L.; Wright, J.D. Attitudes toward gay marriage in states undergoing marriage law transformation. J. Marriage Fam. 2008, 70, 345–359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ofosu, E.K.; Chambers, M.K.; Chen, J.M.; Hehman, E. Same-sex marriage legalization associated with reduced implicit and explicit antigay bias. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2019, 116, 8846–8851. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Juan, S. Millions of Wives Wed to Gay Men: Expert. Available online: https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2012-02/03/content_14528838.htm (accessed on 27 October 2019).
- Zou, H.C.; Fan, S. Characteristics of Men Who Have Sex with Men Who Use Smartphone Geosocial Networking Applications and Implications for HIV Interventions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Arch. Sex. Behav. 2017, 46, 885–894. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kelley, C.F.; Kraft, C.S.; de Man, T.J.B.; Duphare, C.; Lee, H.W.; Yang, J.; Easley, K.A.; Tharp, G.K.; Mulligan, M.J.; Sullivan, P.S.; et al. The rectal mucosa and condomless receptive anal intercourse in HIV-negative MSM: Implications for HIV transmission and prevention. Mucosal Immunol. 2017, 10, 996–1007. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Category | Number of Users | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Age (Median: 29 Years) | ||
Under 18 years | 4951 | 0.36 |
18–25 | 279,857 | 20.63 |
26–30 | 500,195 | 36.87 |
31–35 | 294,348 | 21.7 |
36–40 | 130,386 | 9.61 |
41–50 | 112,422 | 8.29 |
61–60 | 25,121 | 1.85 |
Above 60 years | 9329 | 0.69 |
Occupation | ||
Student | 275,150 | 20.91 |
Self-employed | 142,581 | 10.84 |
Engineer | 55,061 | 4.19 |
Service worker | 52,734 | 4.01 |
IT technician | 44,782 | 3.4 |
Head of an institution | 39,329 | 2.99 |
Company manager | 38,659 | 2.94 |
Salesperson | 36,456 | 2.77 |
Other | 630,900 | 47.95 |
Marital Status | ||
Single | 1,136,982 | 83.81 |
Married to a heterosexual woman | 110,332 | 8.13 |
Married to a lesbian | 54,716 | 4.03 |
Divorced | 54,566 | 4.02 |
Variables | Coefficients | Standard Deviation | Z Value | Pr (>|z|) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 5.83 | 0.02 | 236.32 | <0.01 |
Distance | −0.91 | 0.002 | −406.21 | <0.01 |
Male population aged 15–69 years (source area) | 0.63 | 0.003 | 242.42 | <0.01 |
Unemployment rate (source area) | 0.49 | 0.009 | 55.12 | <0.01 |
Average income (sink area) | 2.11 | 0.005 | 409.83 | <0.01 |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Huang, D.; Wang, J.; Yang, T. Mapping the Spatial–Temporal Distribution and Migration Patterns of Men Who Have Sex with Men in Mainland China: A Web-Based Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1469. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051469
Huang D, Wang J, Yang T. Mapping the Spatial–Temporal Distribution and Migration Patterns of Men Who Have Sex with Men in Mainland China: A Web-Based Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(5):1469. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051469
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Dacang, Jinfeng Wang, and Tengfei Yang. 2020. "Mapping the Spatial–Temporal Distribution and Migration Patterns of Men Who Have Sex with Men in Mainland China: A Web-Based Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 5: 1469. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051469