Geochemical, Mineralogical and Morphological Characterisation of Road Dust and Associated Health Risks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodologies
2.1. Sampling
2.2. Geochemical, Mineralogical and Morphological Characterisation
2.3. Estimation of Emission Factors
2.4. Enrichment Index
2.5. Human Health Risk Assessment of Exposure to Potential Toxic Elements in Road Dust
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. PM10 Emission Factors
3.2. Geochemical Characterization of Dust and Enrichment Index
3.3. Mineralogical Composition
3.4. Morphology
3.5. Grain Size Distribution
3.6. Human Health Exposure Assessment
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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LOD | F1 | F2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
min–max | Med ± SD | min–max | Med ± SD | ||
Al | 0.50 | 64,013–95,874 | 75,836 ± 13,150 | 54,873–67,749 | 66,241 ± 5748 |
As | 4.06 | 28–180 | 35 ± 70 | 12–21 | 18 ± 3.5 |
Ba | 6.90 | 270–560 | 390 ± 119 | 250–490 | 290 ± 105 |
Br | 0.78 | 37–62 | 49 ± 11 | 7.7–17 | 11 ± 4.0 |
Ca | 0.50 | 17,146–58,412 | 19,669 ± 18,887 | 9,806–27,938 | 13,687 ± 7795 |
Cl | 0.50 | 3090–11,610 | 6890 ± 3485 | 220–400 | 330 ± 74 |
Cr | 1.96 | 48–230 | 210 ± 81 | 49–67 | 60 ± 7.5 |
Cu | 2.84 | 95–870 | 260 ± 333 | 31–210 | 42 ± 82 |
F | 0.60 | 920–1350 | 1170 ± 176 | 1160–1640 | 1220 ± 214 |
Fe | 0.50 | 27,613–39,895 | 35,188 ± 5059 | 17,353–18,633 | 18,416 ± 559 |
Ga | 0.94 | 14–18 | 15 ± 1.5 | 9.6–12 | 10 ± 0.8 |
K | 0.60 | 31,969–48,614 | 43,318 ± 6943 | 38,146–47,095 | 43,102 ± 3661 |
Mg | 0.50 | 5947–6887 | 6610 ± 395 | 2883–5030 | 3920 ± 877 |
Mn | 5.62 | 472–488 | 480 ± 6.3 | 248–279 | 263 ± 13 |
Mo | 0.78 | 1.3–2.9 | 2.1 ± 0.7 | 2.9–11 | 6.9 ± 3.3 |
Na | 0.50 | 10,416–14,214 | 10,638 ± 1740 | 8583–16,454 | 10,349±3372 |
Ni | 2.00 | 15–29 | 16 ± 6.2 | 4.4–8.7 | 5.7 ± 1.8 |
P | 0.60 | 3561–5158 | 3 749 ± 713 | 1554–2453 | 1667 ± 400 |
Pb | 1.72 | 81–310 | 86 ± 107 | 37–79 | 40 ± 19 |
Rb | 0.64 | 230–350 | 240 ± 54 | 200–250 | 220 ± 21 |
S | 0.50 | 2908–19,384 | 4870 ± 7348 | 1173–1970 | 1950 ± 371 |
Sb | 4.18 | nd | nd | 5.1–35 | 5.2 ± 14 |
Si | 0.50 | 175,454–239,759 | 229,176 ± 28,153 | 312,012–320,823 | 316,480 ± 3597 |
Sn | 3.02 | 35–75 | 36 ± 19 | 19–25 | 23 ± 2.6 |
Sr | 0.72 | 90–250 | 190 ± 66 | 55–350 | 76 ± 134 |
Ti | 0.50 | 3717–5809 | 4310 ± 880 | 2668–2836 | 2668 ± 79 |
U | 1.22 | 3.5–4.1 | 3.6 ± 0.3 | 8.5–13.2 | 11.2 ± 1.9 |
V | 2.78 | 10–23 | 15 ± 5.2 | 28–47 | 38 ± 7.6 |
W | 3.70 | nd | nd | 7.7–25 | 16 ± 8.7 |
Zn | 1.28 | 680–1870 | 1180 ± 488 | 160–510 | 220 ± 153 |
Zr | 0.80 | 270–550 | 360 ± 117 | 41–74 | 70 ± 15.0 |
F1 | F2 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ID | ing | inh | drm | Total | ing | inh | drm | Total | ||
S1 | As | 1.38 × 10−4 | 1.2038 × 10−7 | 2.0238 × 10−5 | 1.5838 × 10−4 | 1.3838 × 10−5 | 1.2038 × 10−8 | 2.0238 × 10−6 | 1.5838 × 10−5 | |
Pb | 5.8538 × 10−7 | 1.5038 × 10−10 | – | 5.8638 × 10−7 | 2.6738 × 10−7 | 6.8738 × 10−11 | – | 2.6738 × 10−7 | ||
total | 1.3838 × 10−4 | 1.2038 × 10−7 | 2.0238 × 10−5 | 1.5938 × 10−4 | 1.4038 × 10−5 | 1.2038 × 10−8 | 2.0238 × 10−6 | 1.6138 × 10−5 | ||
S2 | As | 2.6838 × 10−5 | 2.3338 × 10−8 | 3.9338 × 10−6 | 3.0738 × 10−5 | 1.6138 × 10−5 | 1.4038 × 10−8 | 2.3638 × 10−6 | 1.8438 × 10−5 | |
Pb | 6.2238 × 10−7 | 1.6038 × 10−10 | – | 6.2238 × 10−7 | 2.8938 × 10−7 | 7.4338 × 10−11 | – | 2.8938 × 10−7 | ||
total | 2.7438 × 10−5 | 2.3538 × 10−8 | 3.9338 × 10−6 | 3.1438 × 10−5 | 1.6438 × 10−5 | 1.4138 × 10−8 | 2.3638 × 10−6 | 1.8738 × 10−5 | ||
S3 | As | 2.1438 × 10−5 | 1.8638 × 10−8 | 3.1438 × 10−6 | 2.4638 × 10−5 | 9.1838 × 10−6 | 7.9938 × 10−9 | 1.3538 × 10−6 | 1.0538 × 10−5 | |
Pb | 2.2438 × 10−5 | 5.76 × 10−10 | - | 2.24 × 10−5 | 5.71 × 10−7 | 1.47 × 10−10 | – | 5.71 × 10−7 | ||
total | 2.3738 × 10−5 | 1.92 × 10−8 | 3.14 × 10−6 | 2.68 × 10−5 | 9.75 × 10−6 | 8.13 × 10−9 | 1.35 × 10−6 | 1.11 × 10−5 |
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Candeias, C.; Vicente, E.; Tomé, M.; Rocha, F.; Ávila, P.; Célia, A. Geochemical, Mineralogical and Morphological Characterisation of Road Dust and Associated Health Risks. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1563. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051563
Candeias C, Vicente E, Tomé M, Rocha F, Ávila P, Célia A. Geochemical, Mineralogical and Morphological Characterisation of Road Dust and Associated Health Risks. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(5):1563. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051563
Chicago/Turabian StyleCandeias, Carla, Estela Vicente, Mário Tomé, Fernando Rocha, Paula Ávila, and Alves Célia. 2020. "Geochemical, Mineralogical and Morphological Characterisation of Road Dust and Associated Health Risks" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 5: 1563. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051563