Influence of the Menstrual Cycle on Blood Markers of Muscle Damage and Inflammation Following Eccentric Exercise
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Menstrual Cycle Phase Determination
2.3. Screening Protocol
2.4. Eccentric-Exercise Sessions
2.5. Blood Sampling and Biochemical Analysis
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sex Hormones and Strength Assessment
3.2. Muscle Damage
3.3. Inflammation
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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EFP | LFP | MLP | TOTAL | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CK (U·L−1) | ||||||||
Baseline | 108.6 | (48.0) | 105.7 | (33.1) | 100.7 | (29.9) | 105.0 | (37.3) |
2 h | 151.6 | (70.0) | 155.1 | (44.9) | 150.6 | (43.8) | 152.4 * | (53.3) |
24 h | 154.1 | (69.3) | 195.5 | (95.3) | 172.1 | (85.8) | 173.9 a | (84.4) |
48 h | 117.3 | (40.1) | 130.6 | (47.7) | 128.8 | (49.5) | 125.6 a,c | (45.5) |
Total | 132.9 | (60.7) | 146.7 | (67.7) | 138.1 | (61.1) | ||
Myoglobin (µg·L) | ||||||||
Baseline | 62.8 | (8.2) | 60.4 | (7.2) | 60.1 | (10.6) | 61.1 | (8.9) |
2 h | 105.5 | (43.9) | 129.1 | (56.3) | 107.9 | (41.2) | 115.0 ** | (48.7) |
24 h | 64.5 | (9.6) | 64.9 | (7.9) | 66.1 | (10.7) | 65.2 | (9.6) |
48 h | 59.8 | (7.4) | 63.8 | (9.0) | 62.2 | (8.1) | 61.9 | (8.5) |
Total | 73.2 | (30.0) | 79.6 | (41.0) | 74.1 | (30.1) | ||
LDH (U·L−1) | ||||||||
Baseline | 166.5 | (14.7) | 164.3 | (22.6) | 163.9 | (13.4) | 164.9 | (17.4) |
2 h | 187.1 | (20.3) | 181.5 | (26.8) | 184.4 | (16.3) | 184.3 ** | (21.3) |
24 h | 166.2 | (15.9) | 170.2 | (23.9) | 165.7 | (17.4) | 167.4 | (19.1) |
48 h | 163.8 | (16.5) | 161.4 | (16.2) | 167.9 | (16.9) | 164.4 | (16.5) |
Total | 170.9 | (19.1) | 169.3 | (23.6) | 170.7 | (18.9) | ||
IL-6 (pg/mL) | ||||||||
Baseline | 1.7 | (0.7) | 1.7 | (0.5) | 1.6 | (0.3) | 1.7 | (0.6) |
2 h | 1.8 | (0.7) | 1.7 | (0.6) | 2.0 | (1.3) | 1.9 | (0.9) |
24 h | 1.6 | (0.2) | 1.7 | (0.7) | 1.5 | (0.0) | 1.6 b | (0.4) |
48 h | 1.6 | (0.5) | 1.9 | (0.7) | 1.5 | (0.1) | 1.7 | (0.4) |
Total | 1.7 | (0.5) | 1.7 | (0.6) | 1.7 | (0.7) | ||
TNF-α(pg/mL) | ||||||||
Baseline | 4.9 | (1.1) | 5.3 | (1.9) | 4.9 | (2.0) | 5.0 | (1.7) |
2 h | 5.2 | (1.4) | 5.3 | (1.6) | 4.9 | (1.4) | 5.2 | (1.5) |
24 h | 4.8 | (1.4) | 4.8 | (1.0) | 4.6 | (0.9) | 4.7 ## | (1.1) |
48 h | 4.5 | (0.9) | 4.6 | (0.9) | 4.7 | (1.2) | 4.6 | (1.0) |
Total | 4.8 | (1.2) | 5.0 | (1.4) | 4.8 | (1.4) | ||
CRP (mg/L) | ||||||||
Baseline | 0.6 | (0.3) | 0.6 | (0.3) | 0.5 | (0.3) | 0.5 | (0.3) |
2 h | 0.5 | (0.3) | 0.5 | (0.3) | 0.5 | (0.3) | 0.5 | (0.3) |
24 h | 0.6 | (0.4) | 0.5 | (0.3) | 0.5 | (0.3) | 0.5 ## | (0.3) |
48 h | 0.5 | (0.3) | 0.5 | (0.3) | 0.5 | (0.3) | 0.5 b,# | (0.3) |
Total | 0.5 | (0.4) | 0.5 | (0.3) | 0.5 | (0.3) | ||
AST (Ui/L) | ||||||||
Baseline | 21.2 | (4.4) | 21.8 | (5.0) | 22.6 | (5.1) | 21.8 | (4.8) |
2 h | 22.8 | (4.2) | 23.4 | (4.7) | 23.8 | (4.2) | 23.4 a | (4.3) |
24 h | 23.1 | (4.7) | 24.3 | (5.1) | 23.8 | (4.0) | 23.7 a | (4.6) |
48 h | 22.4 | (5.2) | 23.3 | (5.4) | 22.8 | (4.6) | 22.8 | (5.0) |
Total | 22.4 | (4.6) | 23.2 | (5.0) | 23.3 | (4.5) | ||
ALT (Ui/L) | ||||||||
Baseline | 16.0 | (4.5) | 16.8 | (5.5) | 14.7 | (4.9) | 15.8 | (5.1) |
2 h | 16.3 | (4.4) | 17.3 | (5.4) | 15.6 | (4.1) | 16.4 | (4.7) |
24 h | 16.4 | (4.5) | 17.4 | (5.3) | 15.8 | (3.9) | 16.6 | (4.6) |
48 h | 16.4 | (5.1) | 17.5 | (5.9) | 15.9 | (4.4) | 16.6 | (5.1) |
Total | 16.3 | (4.5) | 17.3 | (5.4) | 15.5 § | (4.4) |
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Romero-Parra, N.; Barba-Moreno, L.; Rael, B.; Alfaro-Magallanes, V.M.; Cupeiro, R.; Díaz, Á.E.; Calderón, F.J.; Peinado, A.B. Influence of the Menstrual Cycle on Blood Markers of Muscle Damage and Inflammation Following Eccentric Exercise. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1618. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051618
Romero-Parra N, Barba-Moreno L, Rael B, Alfaro-Magallanes VM, Cupeiro R, Díaz ÁE, Calderón FJ, Peinado AB. Influence of the Menstrual Cycle on Blood Markers of Muscle Damage and Inflammation Following Eccentric Exercise. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(5):1618. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051618
Chicago/Turabian StyleRomero-Parra, Nuria, Laura Barba-Moreno, Beatriz Rael, Víctor M. Alfaro-Magallanes, Rocío Cupeiro, Ángel E. Díaz, Francisco J. Calderón, and Ana B. Peinado. 2020. "Influence of the Menstrual Cycle on Blood Markers of Muscle Damage and Inflammation Following Eccentric Exercise" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 5: 1618. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051618