Associations among Bone Mineral Density, Physical Activity and Nutritional Intake in Middle-Aged Women with High Levels of Arterial Stiffness: A Pilot Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry
2.3. Measurement of Arterial Stiffness and Blood Pressure
2.4. Analysis of Blood Samples
2.5. Evaluation of Physical Activity
2.6. Nutrient Intake
2.7. Other Variables
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Varieties | All (n=22) | Low (n=11) | High (n=11) | p | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | |||||||||
Age (yrs) | 55.1 ± 6.2 | 55.4 ± 5.4 | 54.8 ± 7.1 | 0.84 | |||||||
BMI (kg/m2) | 20.0 ± 1.9 | 20.2 ± 1.7 | 19.8 ± 2.1 | 0.57 | |||||||
Body fat percentage (%) | 26.4 ± 6.0 | 27.2 ± 4.7 | 25.7 ± 7.3 | 0.58 | |||||||
SMI (kg/m2) | 5.7 ± 0.5 | 5.8 ± 0.3 | 5.7 ± 0.7 | 0.60 | |||||||
BMD (g/cm2) | |||||||||||
Total body | 1.036 ± 0.107 | 1.078 ± 0.103 | 0.994 ± 0.099 | 0.07 | |||||||
Arm | 0.734 ± 0.068 | 0.745 ± 0.061 | 0.722 ± 0.075 | 0.44 | |||||||
Spine | 0.941 ± 0.149 | 0.979 ± 0.155 | 0.903 ± 0.140 | 0.24 | |||||||
Pelvis | 0.989 ± 0.128 | 1.034 ± 0.106 | 0.945 ± 0.138 | 0.10 | |||||||
Leg | 1.083 ± 0.122 | 1.132 ± 0.103 | 1.033 ± 0.124 | 0.06 | |||||||
Atherosclerosis parameter | |||||||||||
cf-PWV (cm/s) | 1071 ± 145 | 953 ± 70 | 1189 ± 94 | <0.01 ** | |||||||
ba-PWV (cm/s) | 1472 ± 375 | 1251 ± 219 | 1693 ± 374 | <0.01 ** | |||||||
SBP (mmHg) | 126 ± 25 | 111 ± 17 | 142 ± 22 | <0.01 ** | |||||||
DBP (mmHg) | 75 ± 14 | 67 ± 11 | 82 ± 12 | <0.01 ** | |||||||
Biochemical parameter | |||||||||||
Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 228 ± 37 | 221 ± 38 | 235 ± 36 | 0.38 | |||||||
Triglyceride (mg/dl) | 77 ± 35 | 74 ± 30 | 80 ± 41 | 0.66 | |||||||
HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 87 ± 20 | 86 ± 21 | 88 ± 19 | 0.87 | |||||||
LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 125 ± 35 | 120 ± 37 | 131 ± 34 | 0.46 | |||||||
HDL percentage (%) | 39 ± 10 | 40 ± 10 | 38 ± 9 | 0.68 | |||||||
Blood sugar (mg/dl) | 88 ± 6 | 87 ± 4 | 89 ± 8 | 0.39 | |||||||
HbA1c (%) | 5.1 ± 0.3 | 5.0 ± 0.3 | 5.2 ± 0.4 | 0.24 |
Varieties | All (n=22) | Low (n=11) | High (n=11) | p | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||||||||
Accelerometry parameter (/day) | ||||||||||
Total MVPA ( MET * hour) | 5.1 ± 2.4 | 5.7 ± 2.6 | 4.6 ± 2.1 | 0.30 | ||||||
Locomotive | 2.0 ± 0.8 | 2.1 ± 0.7 | 1.9 ± 1.0 | 0.47 | ||||||
Non-Locomotive | 3.1 ± 2.2 | 3.6 ± 2.6 | 2.7 ± 1.8 | 0.37 | ||||||
Steps | 7349 ± 1663 | 7467 ± 1238 | 7231 ± 2061 | 0.75 |
Varieties | All (n=22) | Low (n=9) | High (n=11) | p | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||||||||
Nutritional parameters (/day) | ||||||||||
Protein (g) | 68.6 ± 11.3 | 70.4 ± 14.9 | 67.2 ± 8.1 | 0.55 | ||||||
Fat (g) | 53.5 ± 8.5 | 50.9 ± 8.5 | 55.7 ± 7.0 | 0.18 | ||||||
SFA | 14.5 ± 3.7 | 12.7 ± 2.8 | 15.9 ± 3.3 | 0.03 * | ||||||
MUFA | 19.1 ± 3.5 | 18.2 ± 4.1 | 19.8 ± 2.5 | 0.29 | ||||||
PUFA | 12.7 ± 2.2 | 12.9 ± 2.2 | 12.6 ± 2.2 | 0.75 | ||||||
n-3 fatty acids | 2.6 ± 0.6 | 2.8 ± 0.7 | 2.4 ± 0.5 | 0.21 | ||||||
n-6 fatty acids | 10.1 ± 1.9 | 10.1 ± 1.9 | 10.1 ± 1.8 | 0.96 | ||||||
Carbohydrate (g) | 238 ± 22 | 242 ± 28 | 234 ± 17 | 0.45 | ||||||
Sodium (mg) | 3737 ± 606 | 3915 ± 673 | 3592 ± 529 | 0.24 | ||||||
Potassium (mg) | 2864 ± 711 | 3011 ± 925 | 2744 ± 509 | 0.42 | ||||||
Calcium (mg) | 564 ± 148 | 580 ± 194 | 550 ± 105 | 0.67 | ||||||
Magnesium (mg) | 261 ± 62 | 278 ± 81 | 246 ± 40 | 0.26 | ||||||
Phosphorus (mg) | 1064 ± 201 | 1103 ± 268 | 1031 ± 137 | 0.45 | ||||||
Iron (mg) | 8.3 ± 2.1 | 9.0 ± 2.5 | 7.7 ± 1.5 | 0.18 | ||||||
Zinc (mg) | 8.1 ± 0.9 | 8.5 ± 1.0 | 7.9 ± 0.8 | 0.17 | ||||||
Copper (mg) | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 0.10 | ||||||
Manganese (mg) | 3.5 ± 0.8 | 3.5 ± 0.8 | 3.4 ± 0.9 | 0.80 | ||||||
β-carotene eq (mg) | 4842 ± 2377 | 5739 ± 3025 | 4107 ± 1532 | 0.13 | ||||||
Vitamin D (µg) | 14.2 ± 8.7 | 17 ± 12 | 12 ± 4 | 0.24 | ||||||
α-tocopherol eq (mg) | 9.3 ± 1.9 | 9.7 ± 2.1 | 9.0 ± 1.7 | 0.41 | ||||||
Vitamin K (μg) | 324 ± 154 | 382 ± 168 | 277 ± 132 | 0.13 | ||||||
Vitamin B1 (mg) | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.68 | ||||||
Vitamin B2 (mg) | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 0.93 | ||||||
Niacin (mg) | 17.3 ± 4.1 | 18.0 ± 5.4 | 16.7 ± 2.7 | 0.49 | ||||||
Vitamin B6 (mg) | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 0.27 | ||||||
Vitamin B12 (µg) | 8.8 ± 4.3 | 9.9 ± 5.6 | 7.8 ± 2.6 | 0.29 | ||||||
Folic acid (µg) | 401 ± 130 | 444 ± 158 | 366 ± 99 | 0.19 | ||||||
Pantothenic acid (mg) | 6.7 ± 1.2 | 6.9 ± 1.5 | 6.5 ± 1.0 | 0.56 | ||||||
Vitamin C (mg) | 146 ± 57 | 158 ± 69 | 136 ± 46 | 0.41 | ||||||
Suger (g) | 13.4 ± 6.6 | 11.0 ± 6.1 | 15.3 ± 4.2 | 0.08 | ||||||
Alcohol (g) | 5.4 ± 10.4 | 10.8 ± 12.8 | 0.9 ± 1.4 | 0.02 | ||||||
Genistein (mg) | 20.8 ± 14.2 | 24.7 ± 14.5 | 17.6 ± 13.6 | 0.27 |
Varieties | All (n=22) | Low (n=11) | High (n=11) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TB | Arm | Spine | Pelvis | Leg | TB | Arm | Spine | Pelvis | Leg | TB | Arm | Spine | Pelvis | Leg | |
Age | −0.44 * | −0.60 ** | −0.28 | −0.37 | −0.51 * | −0.21 | −0.33 | −0.11 | −0.41 | −0.31 | −0.74 ** | −0.79 ** | −0.47 | −0.42 | −0.75 ** |
BMI | 0.39 | 0.37 | 0.46 * | 0.49 * | 0.42 | 0.34 | 0.18 | 0.33 | 0.30 | 0.42 | 0.41 | 0.48 | 0.57 | 0.59 | 0.39 |
SMI | 0.12 | 0.16 | −0.03 | −0.04 | 0.34 | 0.16 | 0.05 | −0.09 | −0.12 | 0.18 | 0.06 | 0.19 | −0.05 | −0.08 | 0.15 |
Body fat | 0.27 | 0.23 | 0.42 | 0.52 * | 0.18 | 0.31 | 0.23 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.44 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.42 | 0.56 | 0.25 |
Atherosclerosis parameter | |||||||||||||||
cf-PWV | −0.23 | −0.03 | −0.03 | −0.14 | −0.34 | −0.01 | 0.18 | 0.22 | 0.41 | 0.11 | 0.37 | 0.24 | 0.47 | 0.24 | −0.04 |
ba-PWV | −0.02 | 0.11 | 0.29 | 0.14 | −0.20 | 0.33 | 0.38 | 0.58 | 0.54 | 0.32 | 0.30 | 0.24 | 0.63 | 0.46 | −0.05 |
SBP | −0.10 | −0.01 | 0.11 | −0.14 | −0.28 | 0.28 | 0.37 | 0.57 | 0.46 | 0.33 | 0.17 | 0.00 | 0.23 | −0.07 | −0.23 |
DBP | 0.04 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.05 | -0.03 | 0.19 | 0.24 | 0.41 | 0.42 | 0.27 | 0.53 | 0.47 | 0.48 | 0.28 | 0.31 |
Biochemical parameter | |||||||||||||||
Total cholesterol | 0.17 | 0.26 | 0.44 * | 0.39 | 0.14 | 0.23 | 0.34 | 0.51 | 0.23 | 0.21 | 0.32 | 0.29 | 0.54 | 0.73 * | 0.28 |
Triglyceride | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.21 | 0.29 | 0.12 | −0.34 | −0.47 | −0.26 | −0.29 | −0.27 | 0.50 | 0.46 | 0.66 * | 0.71 * | 0.46 |
HDL cholesterol | −0.09 | 0.03 | −0.13 | −0.18 | −0.03 | −0.26 | −0.04 | −0.26 | −0.38 | −0.19 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.04 | −0.02 | 0.13 |
LDL cholesterol | 0.21 | 0.24 | 0.50 * | 0.45 * | 0.14 | 0.44 | 0.45 | 0.72 * | 0.50 | 0.37 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.39 | 0.60 * | 0.11 |
HDL percentage | −0.14 | −0.09 | −0.35 | −0.34 | −0.08 | −0.31 | −0.17 | −0.50 | −0.40 | −0.25 | −0.07 | −0.05 | −0.26 | −0.41 | −0.02 |
Blood sugar | −0.27 | −0.15 | −0.18 | −0.21 | −0.16 | 0.00 | −0.04 | −0.03 | −0.19 | 0.12 | −0.35 | −0.16 | −0.21 | −0.15 | −0.18 |
HbA1C | −0.27 | −0.31 | −0.12 | −0.36 | −0.45 * | −0.33 | −0.40 | −0.09 | −0.44 | −0.46 | −0.08 | −0.22 | −0.03 | −0.21 | −0.34 |
Accelerometry parameter | |||||||||||||||
Total MVPA | −0.19 | −0.15 | 0.00 | 0.04 | −0.03 | −0.52 | −0.40 | −0.29 | −0.50 | −0.39 | −0.06 | −0.01 | 0.24 | 0.39 | 0.11 |
Locomotive | 0.10 | 0.18 | 0.11 | 0.18 | 0.34 | 0.39 | 0.43 | 0.47 | 0.40 | 0.55 | −0.22 | −0.01 | −0.25 | −0.02 | 0.15 |
Non-Locomotive | −0.24 | −0.23 | −0.04 | −0.02 | −0.16 | −0.64 * | −0.54 | −0.43 | −0.63 * | −0.56 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.42 | 0.48 | 0.04 |
Steps | −0.01 | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.03 | 0.34 | 0.22 | 0.15 | −0.20 | −0.06 | −0.24 | 0.02 | 0.22 |
Nutritional parameters a | |||||||||||||||
Protein | −0.15 | −0.26 | −0.15 | −0.15 | −0.08 | 0.02 | −0.18 | −0.15 | −0.15 | 0.08 | −0.51 | −0.42 | −0.15 | −0.32 | −0.37 |
Fat | 0.21 | 0.28 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | −0.10 | -0.11 | 0.18 | 0.18 | -0.17 | 0.53 | 0.35 | 0.18 | 0.45 | 0.39 |
SFA | 0.15 | 0.27 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.15 | −0.08 | −0.04 | 0.11 | 0.11 | −0.17 | 0.42 | 0.28 | 0.11 | 0.35 | 0.37 |
MUFA | 0.22 | 0.31 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.19 | −0.10 | −0.04 | 0.21 | 0.21 | -0.13 | 0.63 | 0.47 | 0.21 | 0.55 | 0.45 |
PUFA | 0.20 | 0.11 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.12 | −0.07 | −0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | -0.15 | 0.34 | 0.21 | 0.18 | 0.31 | 0.18 |
n-3 fatty acids | 0.09 | −0.14 | 0.07 | 0.07 | −0.01 | 0.15 | −0.13 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.01 | −0.05 | 0.07 | −0.02 | −0.06 |
n-6 fatty acids | 0.20 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.14 | −0.14 | −0.16 | 0.18 | 0.18 | −0.19 | 0.41 | 0.27 | 0.18 | 0.38 | 0.24 |
Carbohydrate | −0.04 | 0.10 | −0.01 | −0.01 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.15 | −0.01 | −0.01 | 0.07 | −0.24 | −0.11 | −0.01 | −0.23 | −0.17 |
Sodium | -0.21 | -0.38 | -0.16 | −0.16 | −0.21 | 0.02 | −0.23 | −0.16 | −0.16 | 0.03 | −0.47 | −0.39 | −0.16 | −0.33 | −0.39 |
Potassium | 0.16 | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.20 | 0.25 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.37 | −0.12 | −0.08 | 0.12 | −0.02 | −0.15 |
Calcium | 0.15 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.28 | −0.05 | −0.10 | 0.10 | −0.01 | 0.03 |
Magnesium | 0.00 | −0.14 | −0.02 | −0.02 | 0.05 | 0.17 | 0.00 | −0.02 | −0.02 | 0.28 | −0.39 | −0.32 | −0.02 | −0.24 | −0.34 |
Phosphorus | −0.15 | −0.26 | −0.15 | −0.15 | −0.08 | 0.02 | −0.18 | −0.15 | −0.15 | 0.08 | −0.51 | −0.42 | −0.15 | −0.32 | −0.37 |
Iron | −0.13 | −0.27 | −0.18 | −0.18 | −0.05 | −0.05 | −0.23 | −0.18 | −0.18 | 0.06 | −0.52 | −0.42 | −0.18 | −0.41 | −0.41 |
Zinc | −0.27 | −0.31 | −0.18 | −0.18 | −0.15 | −0.18 | −0.26 | −0.18 | −0.18 | 0.01 | −0.46 | −0.32 | −0.18 | −0.17 | −0.35 |
Copper | −0.15 | −0.27 | −0.15 | −0.15 | −0.10 | −0.01 | −0.17 | −0.15 | −0.15 | 0.10 | −0.48 | −0.37 | −0.15 | −0.30 | −0.41 |
Manganese | −0.51 * | −0.57 ** | −0.48 ** | −0.48 * | −0.43 | −0.18 | −0.46 | −0.48 | −0.48 | −0.29 | −0.74 ** | −0.58 | −0.48 | −0.65 * | −0.48 |
β-carotene eq | 0.19 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.26 | 0.09 | −0.01 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.30 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.13 | −0.02 | −0.11 |
Vitamin D | −0.02 | −0.22 | −0.04 | −0.04 | −0.01 | 0.17 | −0.06 | −0.04 | −0.04 | 0.18 | −0.61 * | −0.49 | −0.04 | −0.52 | −0.46 |
α-tocopherol eq | 0.30 | 0.21 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.33 | 0.05 | −0.06 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.27 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.15 | 0.13 |
Vitamin K | 0.06 | −0.04 | −0.01 | −0.01 | 0.13 | −0.02 | −0.16 | −0.01 | −0.01 | 0.12 | −0.21 | −0.13 | −0.01 | −0.13 | −0.20 |
Vitamin B1 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.35 | −0.04 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.07 | −0.10 |
Vitamin B2 | −0.17 | −0.28 | −0.20 | −0.20 | −0.09 | −0.12 | −0.34 | −0.20 | −0.20 | −0.12 | −0.36 | −0.34 | −0.20 | −0.25 | −0.20 |
Niacin | −0.06 | −0.20 | −0.07 | −0.07 | −0.04 | 0.10 | −0.13 | −0.07 | −0.07 | 0.12 | −0.42 | −0.31 | −0.07 | −0.26 | −0.34 |
Vitamin B6 | 0.04 | −0.07 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.14 | −0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.23 | −0.18 | −0.09 | 0.00 | −0.09 | −0.17 |
Vitamin B12 | −0.10 | −0.28 | −0.12 | −0.12 | −0.10 | 0.05 | −0.21 | −0.12 | −0.12 | 0.00 | −0.50 | −0.36 | −0.12 | −0.40 | −0.34 |
Folic acid | 0.05 | −0.06 | −0.01 | −0.01 | 0.14 | 0.15 | −0.02 | −0.01 | −0.01 | 0.30 | −0.37 | −0.26 | −0.01 | −0.36 | −0.30 |
Pantothenic acid | −0.27 | −0.31 | −0.18 | −0.18 | −0.15 | −0.18 | −0.26 | −0.18 | −0.18 | 0.01 | −0.46 | −0.32 | −0.18 | −0.17 | −0.35 |
Vitamin C | 0.23 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.30 | 0.32 | 0.19 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.46 | −0.14 | −0.09 | 0.16 | −0.12 | −0.10 |
Suger | 0.30 | 0.50 * | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.40 | 0.34 | 0.59 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.40 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.15 | −0.31 | 0.14 |
Alcohol | −0.02 | −0.18 | −0.04 | −0.04 | −0.09 | 0.13 | 0.07 | −0.04 | −0.04 | 0.09 | 0.16 | 0.07 | −0.04 | −0.18 | 0.10 |
Genistein | −0.20 | −0.33 | −0.17 | −0.17 | −0.19 | −0.13 | −0.30 | −0.17 | −0.17 | −0.18 | −0.29 | −0.25 | −0.17 | −0.14 | −0.21 |
Varieties | All (n=22) | Low (n=11) | High (n=11) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TB | Arm | Spine | Pelvis | Leg | TB | Arm | Spine | Pelvis | Leg | TB | Arm | Spine | Pelvis | Leg | |
Accelerometry parameter | |||||||||||||||
Total MVPA | −0.19 | 0.02 | −0.06 | 0.06 | 0.10 | −0.59 | −0.29 | −0.35 | −0.40 | −0.37 | −0.05 | 0.04 | 0.12 | 0.36 | 0.48 |
Locomotive | 0.00 | 0.22 | −0.09 | 0.02 | 0.38 | 0.29 | 0.52 | 0.38 | 0.41 | 0.49 | −0.39 | 0.00 | −0.63 | −0.29 | 0.41 |
Non-Locomotive | −0.18 | −0.06 | −0.02 | 0.06 | −0.03 | −0.69 * | −0.44 | −0.46 | −0.52 | −0.51 | 0.20 | 0.04 | 0.50 | 0.53 | 0.21 |
Steps | −0.04 | 0.06 | −0.12 | 0.04 | 0.30 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.24 | 0.27 | −0.08 | −0.12 | 0.18 | −0.37 | 0.00 | 0.67 |
Nutritional parameters a | |||||||||||||||
Protein | 0.05 | 0.02 | −0.16 | 0.03 | 0.21 | 0.06 | −0.06 | −0.18 | −0.06 | 0.20 | −0.09 | 0.24 | −0.19 | 0.25 | 0.23 |
Fat | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.06 | −0.15 | −0.18 | −0.05 | −0.10 | −0.25 | 0.77 * | 0.58 | 0.77 * | 0.76 * | 0.50 |
SFA | 0.07 | 0.17 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.00 | −0.07 | 0.37 | 0.13 | 0.29 | 0.45 | 0.28 |
MUFA | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.01 | −0.16 | −0.16 | −0.04 | −0.04 | −0.24 | 0.82 ** | 0.63 | 0.88 ** | 0.72 * | 0.45 |
PUFA | 0.17 | 0.01 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.05 | −0.28 | −0.43 | −0.17 | −0.29 | −0.47 | 0.80 ** | 0.77 * | 0.88 ** | 0.74 * | 0.49 |
n-3 fatty acids | 0.33 | 0.11 | 0.29 | 0.22 | 0.25 | 0.13 | −0.09 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.66 | 0.80 ** | 0.66 | 0.54 | 0.51 |
n-6 fatty acids | 0.09 | −0.03 | 0.20 | 0.23 | −0.03 | −0.41 | −0.50 | −0.25 | −0.37 | −0.60 | 0.79 * | 0.71 * | 0.88 ** | 0.75 * | 0.45 |
Carbohydrate | −0.15 | −0.01 | −0.10 | −0.05 | −0.08 | 0.05 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.31 | 0.14 | −0.62 | −0.54 | −0.56 | −0.71 * | −0.48 |
Sodium | 0.07 | −0.02 | −0.03 | 0.09 | 0.16 | 0.07 | −0.10 | −0.10 | 0.06 | 0.15 | 0.01 | 0.34 | 0.00 | 0.20 | 0.19 |
Potassium | 0.21 | 0.13 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.28 | 0.15 | 0.08 | −0.04 | 0.05 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.53 | 0.20 | 0.26 | 0.24 |
Calcium | 0.26 | 0.16 | 0.09 | 0.17 | 0.37 | 0.24 | 0.17 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.36 | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.13 | 0.50 | 0.34 |
Magnesium | 0.10 | −0.01 | −0.06 | 0.05 | 0.20 | 0.06 | −0.02 | −0.13 | −0.06 | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.52 | 0.09 | 0.38 | 0.29 |
Phosphorus | 0.05 | 0.02 | −0.16 | 0.03 | 0.21 | 0.06 | −0.06 | −0.18 | −0.06 | 0.20 | −0.09 | 0.24 | −0.19 | 0.25 | 0.23 |
Iron | −0.01 | −0.12 | −0.23 | −0.06 | 0.14 | −0.14 | −0.25 | −0.35 | −0.26 | −0.02 | −0.04 | 0.37 | −0.16 | 0.10 | 0.19 |
Zinc | −0.16 | −0.13 | −0.30 | 0.06 | 0.04 | −0.16 | −0.23 | −0.41 | −0.16 | 0.06 | −0.17 | 0.26 | −0.13 | 0.23 | 0.11 |
Copper | −0.04 | −0.13 | −0.19 | −0.03 | 0.07 | −0.11 | −0.22 | −0.30 | −0.24 | −0.01 | −0.04 | 0.37 | −0.09 | 0.10 | 0.11 |
Manganese | −0.36 | −0.34 | −0.42 | −0.35 | −0.18 | −0.14 | −0.39 | −0.21 | −0.16 | −0.24 | −0.52 | −0.08 | −0.64 | −0.44 | 0.09 |
β-carotene eq | 0.15 | 0.03 | −0.02 | 0.09 | 0.25 | −0.04 | −0.09 | −0.20 | 0.06 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.41 | 0.21 | 0.01 | −0.04 |
Vitamin D | 0.27 | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.36 | 0.28 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.20 | 0.37 | −0.20 | 0.23 | −0.21 | 0.09 | 0.11 |
α-tocopherol eq | 0.21 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.17 | 0.24 | −0.25 | −0.31 | −0.30 | −0.11 | −0.12 | 0.68 * | 0.71 * | 0.72 * | 0.47 | 0.36 |
Vitamin K | 0.02 | −0.10 | −0.14 | 0.01 | 0.12 | −0.26 | −0.34 | −0.42 | −0.38 | −0.16 | 0.07 | 0.36 | 0.10 | 0.25 | 0.07 |
Vitamin B1 | 0.02 | 0.02 | −0.14 | −0.02 | 0.12 | −0.03 | −0.04 | −0.26 | −0.07 | 0.22 | 0.28 | 0.49 | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.19 |
Vitamin B2 | −0.01 | −0.05 | −0.18 | −0.01 | 0.15 | −0.13 | −0.28 | −0.31 | −0.31 | −0.10 | 0.06 | 0.24 | −0.06 | 0.40 | 0.39 |
Niacin | 0.11 | 0.03 | −0.05 | 0.00 | 0.18 | 0.10 | −0.06 | −0.09 | −0.05 | 0.15 | 0.08 | 0.51 | 0.00 | 0.15 | 0.27 |
Vitamin B6 | 0.11 | 0.05 | −0.08 | −0.07 | 0.18 | 0.07 | −0.02 | −0.13 | −0.07 | 0.19 | 0.07 | 0.34 | −0.06 | −0.07 | 0.09 |
Vitamin B12 | 0.18 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.24 | 0.15 | −0.06 | −0.04 | −0.03 | 0.14 | −0.14 | 0.28 | −0.14 | 0.12 | 0.18 |
Folic acid | 0.11 | 0.01 | −0.09 | −0.01 | 0.25 | 0.04 | −0.04 | −0.14 | 0.04 | 0.22 | −0.09 | 0.25 | −0.18 | −0.15 | 0.04 |
Pantothenic acid | −0.16 | −0.13 | −0.30 | 0.06 | 0.04 | −0.16 | −0.23 | −0.41 | −0.16 | 0.06 | −0.17 | 0.26 | −0.13 | 0.23 | 0.11 |
Vitamin C | 0.27 | 0.20 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.39 | 0.24 | 0.18 | 0.06 | 0.17 | 0.40 | 0.19 | 0.44 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.25 |
Suger | 0.13 | 0.34 | 0.04 | −0.01 | 0.25 | 0.34 | 0.56 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.41 | −0.33 | −0.45 | −0.59 | −0.63 | −0.11 |
Alcohol | 0.05 | −0.11 | 0.03 | −0.17 | −0.03 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.00 | −0.26 | −0.03 | −0.09 | −0.38 | −0.36 | −0.51 | −0.24 |
Genistein | −0.10 | −0.23 | −0.15 | −0.03 | −0.08 | −0.27 | −0.40 | −0.34 | −0.54 | −0.37 | 0.15 | 0.35 | 0.10 | 0.42 | 0.31 |
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Hamaguchi, K.; Kurihara, T.; Fujimoto, M.; Sato, K.; Iemitsu, M.; Hamaoka, T.; Sanada, K. Associations among Bone Mineral Density, Physical Activity and Nutritional Intake in Middle-Aged Women with High Levels of Arterial Stiffness: A Pilot Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1620. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051620
Hamaguchi K, Kurihara T, Fujimoto M, Sato K, Iemitsu M, Hamaoka T, Sanada K. Associations among Bone Mineral Density, Physical Activity and Nutritional Intake in Middle-Aged Women with High Levels of Arterial Stiffness: A Pilot Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(5):1620. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051620
Chicago/Turabian StyleHamaguchi, Kanako, Toshiyuki Kurihara, Masahiro Fujimoto, Koji Sato, Motoyuki Iemitsu, Takafumi Hamaoka, and Kiyoshi Sanada. 2020. "Associations among Bone Mineral Density, Physical Activity and Nutritional Intake in Middle-Aged Women with High Levels of Arterial Stiffness: A Pilot Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 5: 1620. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051620