The Theory of Planned Behaviour in Medical Tourism: International Comparison in the Young Consumer Segment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Medical Tourism—Term and Research Gap
2.2. Theory of Planned Behaviour
2.3. Overview of Literature on TPB in Medical Tourism
3. Research Model and Hypotheses
4. Research Method
5. Data Analysis
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
- there is a relationship between the intention to participate/consider participation in medical tourism and the three TPB factors (attitudes towards participation in medical tourism, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control);
- the effect of the individual TPB factors on behavioural intentions as to medical tourism may vary among consumers from different countries.
Limitations and Future Studies
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dependent Variable | Descriptive Statistics | Multiple Regression Results | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Std. dev. | Coefficient | Std. Error | t | p-Value | |
Behavioural intention | 1.20 | 1.57 | - | - | - | - |
(Intercept) | - | - | 0.299 | 0.106 | 2.81 | 0.005 |
Attitude | 1.07 | 1.5 | 0.439 | 0.055 | 7.92 | 0.000 |
Subjective norms | 1.09 | 1.1 | 0.206 | 0.044 | 4.64 | 0.000 |
Perceived control | 1.12 | 1.4 | 0.191 | 0.044 | 4.38 | 0.000 |
Gender (male) | 0.53 | - | −0.029 | 0.117 | 0.25 | 0.804 |
TPB Component | Country | n | Mean | Std. dev. | ANOVA | Groups Based on Scheffé Test * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Behavioural intention | Poland | 213 | 1.39 | 1.53 | F(2, 518) = 2.78, p = 0.063 | - |
Turkey | 125 | 1.08 | 1.55 | - | ||
Jordan | 183 | 1.05 | 1.61 | - | ||
Attitude | Poland | 213 | 1.17 | 1.13 | F(2, 518) = 1.64, p = 0.196 | - |
Turkey | 125 | 1.08 | 1.28 | - | ||
Jordan | 183 | 0.96 | 1.08 | - | ||
Subjective norms | Poland | 213 | 0.93 | 1.51 | F(2, 518) = 3.12, p = 0.045 | b |
Turkey | 125 | 1.34 | 1.58 | a | ||
Jordan | 183 | 1.12 | 1.43 | ab | ||
Perceived control | Poland | 213 | 1.32 | 1.51 | F(2, 518) = 5.55, p = 0.004 | a |
Turkey | 125 | 0.75 | 1.68 | b | ||
Jordan | 183 | 1.14 | 1.43 | ab |
Dependent Variable | Country | Coefficient | Std. Error | t | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | Poland | 0.156 | 0.159 | 0.98 | 0.328 |
Turkey | 0.436 | 0.231 | 1.89 | 0.062 | |
Jordan | 0.280 | 0.184 | 1.53 | 0.129 | |
Attitude | Poland | 0.430 | 0.091 | 4.70 | 0.000 |
Turkey | 0.219 | 0.097 | 2.25 | 0.027 | |
Jordan | 0.588 | 0.102 | 5.80 | 0.000 | |
Subjective norms | Poland | 0.086 | 0.066 | 1.31 | 0.193 |
Turkey | 0.406 | 0.091 | 4.46 | 0.000 | |
Jordan | 0.191 | 0.080 | 2.40 | 0.018 | |
Perceived control | Poland | 0.374 | 0.069 | 5.42 | 0.000 |
Turkey | 0.016 | 0.084 | 0.19 | 0.849 | |
Jordan | 0.086 | 0.079 | 1.09 | 0.277 | |
Gender (male–female) | Poland | 0.239 | 0.166 | 1.44 | 0.152 |
Turkey | −0.287 | 0.246 | −1.16 | 0.247 | |
Jordan | −0.275 | 0.215 | −1.28 | 0.202 |
Dependent Variable | Comparison | Coefficient | Std. Error | t | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Attitude | Turkey-Poland | −0.211 | 0.138 | −1.53 | 0.127 |
Jordan-Poland | 0.159 | 0.139 | 1.14 | 0.254 | |
Jordan-Turkey | 0.370 | 0.132 | 2.80 | 0.005 | |
Subjective norms | Turkey-Poland | 0.320 | 0.114 | 2.81 | 0.005 |
Jordan-Poland | 0.105 | 0.104 | 1.01 | 0.315 | |
Jordan-Turkey | −0.215 | 0.114 | −1.89 | 0.059 | |
Perceived control | Turkey-Poland | −0.358 | 0.111 | −3.22 | 0.001 |
Jordan-Poland | −0.288 | 0.106 | −2.71 | 0.007 | |
Jordan-Turkey | 0.070 | 0.108 | 0.65 | 0.518 | |
Gender (male–female) | Turkey-Poland | −0.525 | 0.299 | −1.76 | 0.080 |
Jordan-Poland | −0.513 | 0.272 | −1.89 | 0.060 | |
Jordan-Turkey | 0.012 | 0.307 | 0.04 | 0.969 |
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Boguszewicz-Kreft, M.; Kuczamer-Kłopotowska, S.; Kozłowski, A.; Ayci, A.; Abuhashesh, M. The Theory of Planned Behaviour in Medical Tourism: International Comparison in the Young Consumer Segment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1626. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051626
Boguszewicz-Kreft M, Kuczamer-Kłopotowska S, Kozłowski A, Ayci A, Abuhashesh M. The Theory of Planned Behaviour in Medical Tourism: International Comparison in the Young Consumer Segment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(5):1626. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051626
Chicago/Turabian StyleBoguszewicz-Kreft, Monika, Sylwia Kuczamer-Kłopotowska, Arkadiusz Kozłowski, Ali Ayci, and Mohammd Abuhashesh. 2020. "The Theory of Planned Behaviour in Medical Tourism: International Comparison in the Young Consumer Segment" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 5: 1626. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051626
APA StyleBoguszewicz-Kreft, M., Kuczamer-Kłopotowska, S., Kozłowski, A., Ayci, A., & Abuhashesh, M. (2020). The Theory of Planned Behaviour in Medical Tourism: International Comparison in the Young Consumer Segment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1626. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051626