Facilitators and Barriers Associated with Uptake of HIV Self-Testing among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Chongqing, China: A Cross-Sectional Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethics Statement
2.2. Study Design and Participants
2.3. Measures
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics and HIVST Uptake
3.2. Accuracy
3.3. Binary Logistic Regression to Identify Factors Influencing HIV Self-Testing
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Constructs | Items |
---|---|
Basic knowledge | Is AIDS an incurable severe infectious disease? |
Are MSM a group of people who are currently the most severely affected by HIV in China? | |
Can you identify a positive patient by their appearance? | |
Do sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) increase the risk of HIV infection? | |
Does using a condom correctly protect against HIV transmission? | |
Does using new drugs (methamphetamine, ecstasy, K powder, and so on) increase the risk of HIV infection? | |
Should HIV testing and counseling be actively sought-after high-risk behaviors (needle sharing, drug use, unsafe sex, etc.)? | |
Does intentional transmission of HIV/AIDS bear legal responsibility? |
Characteristics | All Participants | Uptake of HIVST (n = 470) | |
---|---|---|---|
(n = 3017) | n | Percent (95% CI) | |
Age | |||
18–26 years old | 1272 | 254 | 20.0% (17.8%–22.3%) |
27–36 years old | 1283 | 179 | 14.0% (12.1%–16.0%) |
37–76 years old | 462 | 36 | 7.8% (5.5%–10.6%) |
Marital status | |||
Unmarried | 2623 | 439 | 16.7% (15.3%–18.2%) |
Married | 392 | 30 | 7.7% (5.2%–10.7%) |
Ethnicity | |||
Han | 2990 | 463 | 15.5% (14.2%–16.8%) |
Minority | 27 | 6 | 22.2% (8.6%–42.3%) |
Household registration | |||
Chongqing | 2397 | 342 | 14.3% (12.9%–15.7%) |
Other provinces | 620 | 127 | 20.5% (17.4%–23.9%) |
Duration of residency in Chongqing | |||
<1 year | 89 | 22 | 24.7% (16.2%–35.0%) |
1–2 years | 63 | 11 | 17.5% (9.1%–29.1%) |
>2 years | 2865 | 436 | 15.2% (13.9%–16.6%) |
Highest level of education | |||
Junior high school and below | 235 | 19 | 8.1% (4.9%–12.3%) |
High school or technical secondary school | 639 | 97 | 15.2% (12.5%–18.2%) |
College and above | 2142 | 353 | 16.5% (14.9%–18.1%) |
Sexual orientation | |||
Homosexual | 2480 | 415 | 16.7% (15.3%–18.3%) |
Heterosexual | 3 | 0 | |
Bisexual | 481 | 45 | 9.4% (6.9%–12.3%) |
Undetermined | 52 | 9 | 17.3% (8.2%–30.3%) |
Number of HIV tests conducted in the last year | |||
0–1 time | 1900 | 321 | 16.1% (14.5%–17.8%) |
≥2 times | 374 | 148 | 39.6% (34.6%–44.7%) |
Scores of basic HIV/AIDS knowledge | |||
0–5 | 241 | 23 | 9.5% (6.1%–14.0%) |
6–8 | 2776 | 446 | 16.1% (14.7%–17.5%) |
HIV Antibody Detection Results | Total | ||
---|---|---|---|
Positive | Negative | ||
Participant self-testing result | |||
Positive | 118 | 3 | 121 |
Negative | 41 | 301 | 342 |
Total | 159 | 304 | 463 |
Variable | Estimated Parameter | p-Value | OR 1 | 95.0% CI | aOR 2 | 95.0% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | ||||||
18–26 years old | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
27–36 years old | −0.43 | p < 0.001 * | 0.65 | 0.53–0.80 | 0.65 | 0.53–0.81 |
≥37 years old | −1.08 | p < 0.001 * | 0.34 | 0.24–0.49 | 0.37 | 0.26–0.55 |
Highest level of education | ||||||
Junior high school and below | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
High school or secondary school | 0.71 | 0.007 * | 2.04 | 1.21–3.41 | 1.62 | 0.96–2.75 |
College and above | 0.81 | 0.001 * | 2.24 | 1.38–3.64 | 1.67 | 1.02–2.75 |
Marital status | ||||||
Unmarried | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Married | −0.89 | p < 0.001 * | 0.41 | 0.28–0.61 | 0.64 | 0.42–0.98 |
Ethnicity | ||||||
Han ethnicity | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Minor ethnicity | 0.44 | 0.340 | 1.56 | 0.63–3.88 | 1.50 | 0.60–3.78 |
Duration of residing in Chongqing | ||||||
<1 year | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
1–2 years | −0.44 | 0.287 | 0.64 | 0.29–1.45 | 0.61 | 0.27–1.37 |
>2 years | −0.60 | 0.016 * | 0.55 | 0.33–0.89 | 0.58 | 0.35–0.95 |
Scores of basic HIV/AIDS knowledge | ||||||
0–5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
6–8 | 0.60 | 0.008 * | 1.8 | 1.17–2.82 | 1.66 | 1.06–2.61 |
Frequency of condom use when having sex with other men | ||||||
Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Sometimes | 0.13 | 0.657 | 1.14 | 0.64–2.03 | 1.07 | 0.60–1.93 |
Every time | −0.25 | 0.401 | 0.78 | 0.44–1.39 | 0.73 | 0.41–1.131 |
How many regular male sexual partners have you had in the last 6 months? | ||||||
Zero | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
One | 0.16 | 0.376 | 1.17 | 0.83–1.66 | 1.20 | 0.84–1.71 |
Two | 0.15 | 0.456 | 1.17 | 0.78–1.74 | 1.18 | 0.79–1.778 |
More than three | 0.29 | 0.365 | 1.34 | 0.71–2.52 | 1.47 | 0.78–2.80 |
Number of HIV tests done conducted in the last year | ||||||
0–1 time | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
≥2 times | 1.23 | p < 0.001 * | 3.41 | 2.68–4.33 | 3.34 | 2.62–4.25 |
Have you ever taken drugs? | ||||||
Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
No | 0.280 | 0.482 | 1.32 | 0.61–2.88 | 1.29 | 0.59–2.82 |
Have you ever been diagnosed with STDs? | ||||||
Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
No | 0.46 | 0.88 | 1.58 | 0.93–2.69 | 1.54 | 0.90–2.62 |
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Liu, Y.; Wu, G.; Lu, R.; Ou, R.; Hu, L.; Yin, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Yan, H.; Zhao, Y.; Luo, Y.; et al. Facilitators and Barriers Associated with Uptake of HIV Self-Testing among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Chongqing, China: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1634. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051634
Liu Y, Wu G, Lu R, Ou R, Hu L, Yin Y, Zhang Y, Yan H, Zhao Y, Luo Y, et al. Facilitators and Barriers Associated with Uptake of HIV Self-Testing among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Chongqing, China: A Cross-Sectional Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(5):1634. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051634
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Ying, Guohui Wu, Rongrong Lu, Rong Ou, Ling Hu, Yiping Yin, Yangchang Zhang, Hongjia Yan, Yong Zhao, Yetao Luo, and et al. 2020. "Facilitators and Barriers Associated with Uptake of HIV Self-Testing among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Chongqing, China: A Cross-Sectional Survey" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 5: 1634. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051634