Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms and Neighborhood Changes from Adolescence to Adulthood: Latent Class Growth Analysis and Multilevel Growth Curve Models
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Changes in Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status and Depression across Race/Ethnicity
1.2. Changes in Neighborhood Racial/Ethnic Composition and Depression across Race/Ethnicity
1.3. The Current Study
2. Methods and Measures
2.1. Statistical Analyses
2.1.1. Step 1. Latent Class Growth Analysis
2.1.2. Step 2. Multilevel Growth Curve Model
3. Results
3.1. Latent Class Growth Analysis
3.2. Multi-Level Growth Curve Model
Results from the MGCM are presented in Table 2
4. Discussion
4.1. Changes in Neighborhood Socio-Economic Environments and Depression Trajectories
4.2. Changes in Neighborhood Racial/Ethnic Composition and Depression Trajectories
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable (Mean/%, SE) | NHW | NHB | Hispanics | NHO | Test |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample size (%) | 5316 (56.43) | 1967 (20.88) | 1445 (15.34) | 693 (7.36) | |
Depressive symptoms | |||||
Wave I | 5.40 (0.11) | 6.48 (0.18) | 6.39 (0.20) | 6.61 (0.33) | R2 = 0.01, F (3, 126) = 14.27 *** |
Wave II | 5.33 (0.09) | 6.35 (0.16) | 6.75 (0.21) | 6.41 (0.29) | R2 = 0.02, F (3, 126) = 22.18 *** |
Wave III | 4.28 (0.07) | 5.10 (0.18) | 5.17 (0.17) | 5.24 (0.27) | R2 = 0.01, F (3, 126) = 14.36 *** |
Wave IV | 4.93 (0.07) | 6.05 (0.2) | 5.58 (0.17) | 5.46 (0.25) | R2 = 0.01, F (3, 126) = 13.43 *** |
Age | |||||
Wave I | 15.46 (0.13) | 15.70 (0.19) | 15.60 (0.22) | 15.65 (0.23) | |
Wave II | 16.38 (0.13) | 16.66 (0.19) | 16.54 (0.21) | 16.60 (0.24) | |
Wave III | 21.81 (0.13) | 22.07 (0.19) | 22.06 (0.21) | 22.03 (0.24) | |
Wave IV | 28.31 (0.13) | 28.60 (0.19) | 28.55 (0.21) | 28.6 (0.23) | |
Male (%) | 49.80 (0.01) | 48.75 (0.02) | 50.96 (0.02) | 54.95 (0.03) | χ2 (3) = 5.82 |
Income (in thousands) | 49.89 (1.86) | 29.13 (1.72) | 34.29 (2.07) | 43.98 (3.20) | R2 = 0.05, F (3, 126) = 28.25 *** |
Adult SES | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.11 (0.04) | 0.03 (0.04) | -0.02 (0.06) | R2 = 0.001, F (3, 126) = 1.95 |
Household composition (%) | |||||
2 parents | 70.61 (0.01) | 33.47 (0.02) | 54.75 (0.02) | 56.30 (0.04) | χ2 (12) = 1131.61 *** |
2 parents & adult kin | 9.39 (0.01) | 10.45 (0.01) | 18.63 (0.02) | 23.02 (0.04) | |
1 parent | 14.73 (0.01) | 30.61 (0.02) | 14.64 (0.02) | 9.27 (0.02) | |
1 parent & adult kin | 3.34 (0.00) | 16.55 (0.01) | 9.49 (0.01) | 5.94 (0.02) | |
Adult kin, no parents | 1.93 (0.00) | 8.93 (0.01) | 2.50 (0.01) | 5.47 (0.01) | |
Neighborhood SES at WI | 0.14 (0.08) | -0.55 (0.08) | -0.18 (0.09) | 0.15 (0.1) | R2 = 0.09, F (3, 126) = 28.64 *** |
%NHW at WI | 89.10 (0.01) | 41.23 (0.03) | 52.07 (0.04) | 60.29 (0.05) | R2 = 0.47, F (3, 126) = 81.53 *** |
%NHB at WI | 5.54 (0.01) | 53.35 (0.03) | 8.69 (0.01) | 9.3 (0.02) | R2 = 0.51, F (3, 126) = 64.64 *** |
%Hispanics at WI | 3.31 (0.00) | 3.56 (0.01) | 32.72 (0.05) | 12.84 (0.02) | R2 = 0.38, F (3, 126) = 18.36 *** |
%NHO at WI | 2.02 (0.00) | 1.68 (0.00) | 6.55 (0.01) | 17.63 (0.05) | R2 = 0.21, F (3, 126) = 5.80 ** |
Variable | NHW | NHB | Hispanics | NHO |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 12.6 (9.09, 16.11) | 11.17 (6.26, 16.08) | 2.78 (−3.16, 8.73) | 1.35 (−6.80, 9.49) |
Age | −0.34 (−0.48, −0.19) | −0.06 (−0.09, −0.02) | −0.10 (−0.13, −0.07) | −0.10 (−0.13, −0.07) |
Age2 | 0.01 (0.00, 0.01) | |||
Male | −1.21 (−1.41, −1.01) | −0.94 (−1.42, −0.46) | −1.01 (−1.40, −0.63) | −0.40 (−1.16, 0.36) |
Income | −0.43 (−0.64, −0.21) | −0.39 (−0.65, −0.14) | −0.18 (−0.71, 0.35) | −0.17 (−0.75, 0.42) |
Adult SES | 0.14 (0.00, 0.29) | 0.14 (−0.12, 0.40) | −0.04 (−0.33, 0.25) | 0.17 (−0.26, 0.60) |
Household Composition | ||||
2 parents | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
2 parents & adult kin | 0.58 (0.14, 1.01) | 0.32 (−0.29, 0.93) | 0.22 (−0.42, 0.86) | 0.46 (−0.28, 1.21) |
1 parent | 0.19 (−0.29, 0.66) | 0.60 (0.04, 1.15) | 0.76 (−0.93, 2.46) | 0.52 (−0.33, 1.37) |
1 parent & adult kin | 0.66 (−0.05, 1.38) | 0.67 (0.07, 1.28) | 0.49 (−0.81, 1.79) | 1.75 (0.31, 3.18) |
Adult kin, no parents | 0.91 (−0.14, 1.96) | 0.87 (0.07, 1.67) | 0.76 (−1.09, 2.61) | 2.07 (0.58, 3.57) |
SES at Wave I | 0.21 (−0.16, 0.58) | 0.37 (−0.37, 1.10) | 0.33 (−0.36, 1.02) | 0.51 (−0.15, 1.18) |
SES latent classes | ||||
Very High/Decrease | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Med/Decrease | 0.03 (−0.48, 0.54) | 0.87 (−1.19, 2.93) | 0.04 (−1.47, 1.55) | 0.02 (−0.92, 0.95) |
Med-Low/No change | 0.24 (−0.44, 0.93) | 1.34 (−1.32, 4.00) | 0.04 (−1.68, 1.75) | −0.24 (−1.71, 1.23) |
Med-Low/Increase | ||||
Low/Increase | 0.87 (−0.15, 1.90) | 2.17 (−0.92, 5.26) | 0.95 (−1.32, 3.22) | |
Very Low/Increase | 0.22 (−1.00, 1.43) | |||
NHW at Wave I | −3.26 (−6.21, −0.32) | −2.02 (−5.94, 1.90) | 5.65 (1.92, 9.39) | 0.99 (−4.04, 6.02) |
NHW latent classes | ||||
Very High/No Change | Ref. | |||
Very High/Decrease | −0.21 (−0.66, 0.25) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
High/No Change | −0.37 (−1.23, 0.49) | |||
High/Decrease | −1.20 (−2.24, −0.16) | 1.22 (−0.23, 2.67) | 1.98 (−0.35, 4.30) | |
Med/No Change | −0.99 (−2.67, 0.68) | |||
Med-Low/Decrease | 2.26 (0.21, 4.30) | |||
Med-Low/Increase | −1.00 (−2.67, 0.67) | |||
Med-Low/No change | −2.53 (−4.90, −0.15) | 3.20 (−0.45, 6.84) | ||
Low/Increase | −2.47 (−5.48, 0.54) | 3.14 (0.41, 5.87) | ||
NHB at Wave I | −2.75 (−5.25, −0.25) | −1.57 (−4.74, 1.61) | ||
NHB latent classes | ||||
Very High/Decrease | Ref. | |||
High/Decrease | −0.07 (−0.91, 0.78) | |||
Med/Decrease | Ref. | |||
Med/No Change | −1.27 (−2.67, 0.13) | |||
Med-Low/Increase | −1.53 (−4.25, 1.19) | |||
Low/No Change | 0.26 (−0.42, 0.95) | |||
Low/Increase | −0.98 (−3.1, 1.13) | |||
Very Low/Increase | 0.39 (−0.32, 1.10) | |||
HSP at Wave I | −2.38 (−7.09, 2.33) | 2.44 (−2.13, 7.00) | ||
HSP latent classes | ||||
Very High/Decrease | Ref. | |||
Med/Decrease | Ref. | |||
Med/No Change | 0.68 (−1.04, 2.41) | |||
Med-Low/Increase | 0.59 (−1.77, 2.95) | |||
Low/Increase | 1.02 (−0.21, 2.26) | 0.63 (−2.09, 3.35) | ||
Very Low/No Change | 1.05 (−0.53, 2.63) | |||
NHO at Wave I | 7.22 (2.72, 11.72) | |||
NHO latent classes | ||||
Med/Decrease | Ref. | |||
Med-Low/Decrease | 2.50 (0.31, 4.69) | |||
Low/Increase | 2.99 (−0.33, 6.30) | |||
Very Low/Increase | 4.77 (1.58, 7.97) |
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Lee, H.; Estrada-Martínez, L.M. Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms and Neighborhood Changes from Adolescence to Adulthood: Latent Class Growth Analysis and Multilevel Growth Curve Models. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1829. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061829
Lee H, Estrada-Martínez LM. Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms and Neighborhood Changes from Adolescence to Adulthood: Latent Class Growth Analysis and Multilevel Growth Curve Models. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(6):1829. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061829
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Hyunjung, and Lorena M. Estrada-Martínez. 2020. "Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms and Neighborhood Changes from Adolescence to Adulthood: Latent Class Growth Analysis and Multilevel Growth Curve Models" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6: 1829. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061829