Solar Powered Microplasma-Generated Ozone: Assessment of a Novel Point-of-Use Drinking Water Treatment Method
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Elements Overview
2.2. Materials and Laboratory Methods
2.3. POU-O3 Impacts on Fecal Indicators in Wastewater, Chicago
2.4. Laboratory Comparison of PO3 vs. POU Chlorine Treatment of Surface Water, Kenya
2.5. Household Water Treatment with POU-O3, Kisian, Kenya
2.5.1. Setting
2.5.2. Household Enrollment and Intervention
2.5.3. Quantitative Data Collection
2.5.4. Household POU-O3: Safety and User Experience in Kisian, Kenya
2.6. Quality Assurance
2.7. Data Analysis
2.8. Human Subjects Research Protections
3. Results
3.1. Wastewater POU-O3 Treatment, Chicago
3.2. Comparison of POU-O3 and POU-Chlorine Treatment of Surface Water, Kenya
3.3. Household POU-O3, Kisian, Kenya
3.4. User Perceptions of the Ozonation System, Kisian Kenya
4. Discussion
4.1. Evaluation of Microplasma-Generated O3 for POU Water Treatment
4.2. Limitations of POU-O3
4.3. Limitations and Strengths of this Study
4.4. Other Findings
4.5. Research Needs
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Used In | Laboratory Method and/or Instrument | |
---|---|---|
Aqueous ozone | Chicago | ATI Q46A Dissolved Ozone Monitor (Analytical Technology, Inc, Collegeville, PA, USA). |
pH | Chicago | Orion™ Dual Star, Thermo Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA) |
Turbidity | Chicago, Kenya | LaMotte 2020we (Chestertown, MD, USA) |
E. coli | Chicago, Kenya | Defined substrate culture (Colilert®), IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME, USA |
Enterococci | Chicago | qPCR, USEPA Method 1609.1 [19] QuantStudios 3 Thermocylcer, ThermoFischer |
F+ coliphage | Chicago | Rapid coliphage (“EasyPhage”), Scientific Methods, Inc. |
F+ coliphage | Scientific Methods, Inc., Granger, IN, USA | USEPA Method 1602 [20] |
Water Quality Parameter | Mean (Standard Deviation) | Range |
---|---|---|
pH | 7.22 (0.24) | (7.02, 7.49) |
Turbidity (NTU) | 1.62 (0.89) | (1.02, 2.94) |
E. coli (MPN/100 mL) | 1501.0 (924.5) | (965.0, 2885.0) |
Enterococci (CCE/100 mL) | 11,059.7 (5659.4) | (3572.9, 16,627.6) |
F+ coliphage (PFU/100 mL) | 247.9 (41.6) | (212.5, 293.8) |
Water Type | Water Quality Measure | Median | (10th, 90th Percentile) |
---|---|---|---|
Household stored water | E. coli | 203.7 | (7.9, 2419.7) |
Turbidity | 48.61 | (2.72, 430.3) | |
Drinking water | E. coli | 11.4 | (0.9, 369.7) |
Turbidity | 40.23 | (1.34, 373.0) |
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Dorevitch, S.; Anderson, K.; Shrestha, A.; Wright, D.; Odhiambo, A.; Oremo, J.; Heimler, I. Solar Powered Microplasma-Generated Ozone: Assessment of a Novel Point-of-Use Drinking Water Treatment Method. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1858. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061858
Dorevitch S, Anderson K, Shrestha A, Wright D, Odhiambo A, Oremo J, Heimler I. Solar Powered Microplasma-Generated Ozone: Assessment of a Novel Point-of-Use Drinking Water Treatment Method. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(6):1858. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061858
Chicago/Turabian StyleDorevitch, Samuel, Kendall Anderson, Abhilasha Shrestha, Dorothy Wright, Aloyce Odhiambo, Jared Oremo, and Ira Heimler. 2020. "Solar Powered Microplasma-Generated Ozone: Assessment of a Novel Point-of-Use Drinking Water Treatment Method" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6: 1858. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061858