Malaysian Child Restraint Issues: A Brief Narrative Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
Methods of Review
3. Results
- Child restraint scenario in Malaysia.
- Child restraint law in Malaysia and the ASEAN countries.
- Pattern of injuries in unrestrained children in a selected center in Malaysia.
- Preparation prior to implementation of child restraint law.
3.1. Child Restraint Scenario in Malaysia
3.2. Child Restraint Law in Malaysia and the ASEAN Countries
3.3. Pattern of Injuries in Unrestrained Children in a Selected Center in Malaysia
3.4. Preparation Prior to Implementation of Child Restraint Law
- (i)
- Educating the public through live demonstration of the dynamics of the child seat and others.
- (ii)
- Producing a guideline on child safety seats specification, types, and placement according to the vehicle seats and number of children.
- (i)
- Type 1: from birth up to 13 kg (up to a height of 83 cm, approximately 0 to 18 months),
- (ii)
- Type 2: 9–18 kg (71 cm and above, approximately 15 months to four years),
- (iii)
- Type 3: 15–25 kg (100 cm and above, approximately four to seven years), and
- (iv)
- Type 4: 22–36 kg (up to 135 cm, approximately six to 12 years).
4. Discussion
- (1)
- Presence of a national child restraint law,
- (2)
- Requirement for a child to use a child restraint, at least until ten years of age or 135 cm height,
- (3)
- Restrictions for children under a certain age or height to sit in the front seat, and
- (4)
- Reference to or specification of a standard for child restraints.
5. Limitation
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Country | Child Restraint Law | Child Seated in Front Seat | |
---|---|---|---|
Yes, since | No | ||
Malaysia | ✓ Beginning from 1 January 2020 | - | |
Singapore | ✓ | Allowed in a child restraint | |
Indonesia | ✓ | No restriction | |
Brunei Darussalam | ✓ | - | |
Thailand | ✓ | No restriction | |
Phillipines | ✓ | Prohibited under 6 years old | |
Vietnam | ✓ | No restriction | |
Myanmar | ✓ | No restriction | |
Cambodia | ✓ | Prohibited under 10 years | |
Lao People’s Democratic Republic | ✓ | No restriction |
Authors; Publication Year; Country | Age of the Children, Range, Mean | Type of Study | Sample Size | Injuries | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Restrained | Unrestrained | ||||
Yunus et al.; 2015; Malaysia [15] | 0 to 13 years old | Cross sectional study: (1) Retrospective record review (2) Telephone interview | Restrained: 4 (1 front seat, 3 back seat) Unrestrained: 15 | This study focused on head and facial injuries predominantly. | |
Head injury: 1 child with base of skull fracture | Head injury: 1 child with cerebral concussion | ||||
Facial injury: 22% with midface injuries 50% with lower face injuries | Facial injury: 100% with upper face injuries 77.8% with midface injuries 50% with lower face injuries | ||||
Chan et al.; 2006; United States [24] | 14 years old and younger | Retrospective chart review | Restrained: 255 Unrestrained: 81 | Odds between unrestrained and restrained pediatric victims: (1) Hospital admission: 14.48 (CI 5.91, 38.63) (2) Intraabdominal injuries: 20.16 (CI 2.36, 930.68) (3) Intrathoracic injuries: 13.09 (CI 1.26, 647.05) (4) Intracranial injuries: - (9 unrestrained sustained this injury compared to 0 restrained) (5) Fractures: 5.85 (CI 2.13, 16.89) (6) Need for surgery: 13.09 (CI 3.30, 74.33) (7) Need for blood products: 27.61 (CI 3.56, 1229.85) (8) Need for intubation: —(10 unrestrained required intubation compared to 0 restrained) | |
Al-Jazaeri et al.;2012; Saudi Arabia [26] | Younger than 13 years old | Retrospective trauma registry review | Unrestrained: 89 Front seat (FS): 41 Back seat (BS): 48 | Traumatic brain injury FS: 58.5% BS: 47.9% Facial fractures FS: 4.9% BS: 16.7% C-spine injury FS: 7.3% BS: 6.3% Chest trauma FS: 9.8% BS: 16.7% Abdominal trauma FS: 19.5% BS: 12.5% Upper extremities fracture FS: 19.5% BS: 25% Lower extremities fracture FS: 17.1% BS: 27.1% |
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Ramli, R.; Mohd Yunus, S.S. Malaysian Child Restraint Issues: A Brief Narrative Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1922. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061922
Ramli R, Mohd Yunus SS. Malaysian Child Restraint Issues: A Brief Narrative Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(6):1922. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061922
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamli, Roszalina, and Siti Salmiah Mohd Yunus. 2020. "Malaysian Child Restraint Issues: A Brief Narrative Review" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6: 1922. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061922