Food and Beverage Advertising to Children and Adolescents on Television: A Baseline Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Measures
2.2. Data Handling
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Annual Results
3.2. Monthly Advertising Rates
3.3. Station-Specific Advertising Rates
3.4. Sensitivity Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Variability among Stations
4.2. Food Advertising Violations
4.3. Food Advertising to Adolescents
4.4. Fast Food Advertising
4.5. Strengths & Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Frequency of Food Advertisements n (%) | Television Stations (n) | Total Food Advertising Duration (hours) | Total Programming Duration (hours) | Food Advertising Rate (n/hour) 1 | β 2 | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Min-Max | |||||||
Preschoolers | 10,123 (0.2) | 65 | 60.0 | 61,823.6 | 0.6 | 0–12.2 | −3.5 | <0.0001 |
Children | 193,888 (3.1) | 71 | 981.4 | 70,983.7 | 1.5 | 0–77.1 | −2.6 | <0.0001 |
Adolescents | 65,563 (1.0) | 106 | 332.7 | 25,814.2 | 3.3 | 0–21.5 | −0.7 | <0.0001 |
Adults | 6,074,983 (95.7) | 269 | 31,954.4 | 1,561,240.5 | 4.1 | 0–19.0 | Ref.3 | - |
Food Advertising Rate (n/hr) Mean (SD) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Child Specialty Stations | Program Target Age Group | |||
Preschoolers | Children | Adolescents | Adults | |
ABC Spark | - | 10.0(2.2) | 10.9(1.6) | 10.7(1.4) |
Cartoon Network | - | 3.5(1.2) * | 1.9(1.8) * | 8.8(2.6) |
Disney Channel (English) | 2.0(1.1) * | 3.2(1.3) * | 2.3(0.9) * | 5.0(2.8) |
Disney Channel (French) | 0.0(0.0) | 0.6(0.4) | - | 0.8(0.8) |
Disney Junior | 0.0(0.0) | 0.0(0.0) | - | 0.0(0.0) |
Disney XD | - | 3.7(1.2) | - | - |
Family Channel | 1.0(1.3) * | 2.4(1.3) * | 5.4(2.1) * | 5.7(2.3) |
Family Jr. | 0.0(0.0) | 0.0(0.0) | 0.0(0.0) | - |
Nickelodeon | 0.0(0.0) | 4.5(2.2) | - | 2.0(0.0) |
Teletoon (English) | 0.0(0.0) * | 7.0(2.1) * | 9.1(4.9) | 8.7(2.4) |
Télétoon (French) | - | 1.3(0.5) * | 3.2(1.8) | 5.5(1.2) |
Treehouse TV | 0.0(0.0) | 0.0(0.0) * | - | 0.0(0.1) |
VRAK | - | 3.1(0.9) | 3.1(0.8) | 2.9(0.8) |
YOOPA | 0.0(0.0) | 0.0(0.0) | - | 0.0(0.0) |
YTV | 3.0(4.2) * | 6.5(1.4) * | 15.3(4.2) * | 12.2(2.0) |
Food Advertising Rate (n/hr) Per Program Target Age Group | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Preschoolers | Children | Adolescents | Adults | ||||
Station | Mean (SD) | Station | Mean (SD) | Station | Mean (SD) | Station | Mean (SD) |
OMNI Toronto | 11.0(1.3) * | Citytv Toronto | 20.0(0) * | Lifetime | 18.8(0) * | The Cooking Channel | 15.3(1.8) |
Sportsnet One | 7.1(0) * | W Network | 17.7(24.2) | Citytv Vancouver | 16.0(0) * | Zeste | 12.1(2.1) |
BBC Canada | 6.9(2.0) | Showcase | 11.5(2.4) * | Slice | 12.5(2.9) * | Lifetime | 11.8 (1.8) |
Global Kelowna | 4.1(0) * | Movie Time | 10.5(2.7) | Adult Swim | 9.2(2.2) | Food Network | 11.6(2.3) |
Nat Geo Wild | 3.4(1.3) * | Yes TV Burlington | 7.1(3.2) * | Cosmopolitan TV | 9.1(5.3) | Citytv Montreal | 11.0(1.3) |
Food Category | Frequency of Food Advertisements n (%) 1 | Chi Square Results (df) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Program Target Age Group | |||||
Preschoolers | Children | Adolescents | Adults | ||
Food Delivery Services | 0 (0) | 193 (0.1) | 164 (0.3) | 26075 (0.4) | X2(21) p <0.0001 |
Diet Products & Services | 19 (0.2) | 15 (0.01) | 90 (0.1) | 37894 (0.6) | |
Fast Food | 1267 (12.5) | 39673 (20.5) | 33475 (51.1) | 2370025 (39.0) | |
Food & Beverage Products | 5432 (53.7) | 142451 (73.5) | 27268 (41.6) | 2886628 (47.5) | |
Retail Outlets | 2390 (23.6) | 6315 (3.3) | 2024 (3.1) | 376570 (6.2) | |
Restaurants | 505 (5.0) | 2676 (1.4) | 1853 (2.8) | 307821 (5.1) | |
Meal Kits & Subscriptions | 510 (5.0) | 2565 (1.3) | 689 (1.1) | 68845 (1.1) | |
Unknown | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1125 (0.02) | |
Total | 10123 (100) | 193888 (100) | 65563 (100) | 6074983 (100) |
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Pinto, A.; Pauzé, E.; Mutata, R.; Roy-Gagnon, M.-H.; Potvin Kent, M. Food and Beverage Advertising to Children and Adolescents on Television: A Baseline Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1999. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061999
Pinto A, Pauzé E, Mutata R, Roy-Gagnon M-H, Potvin Kent M. Food and Beverage Advertising to Children and Adolescents on Television: A Baseline Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(6):1999. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061999
Chicago/Turabian StylePinto, Adena, Elise Pauzé, Rachel Mutata, Marie-Hélène Roy-Gagnon, and Monique Potvin Kent. 2020. "Food and Beverage Advertising to Children and Adolescents on Television: A Baseline Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6: 1999. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061999