New Approach Methods to Evaluate Health Risks of Air Pollutants: Critical Design Considerations for In Vitro Exposure Testing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Introduction to Air Pollution Health Impacts
1.2. Methods to Evaluate Air Pollution Health Impacts
1.2.1. Epidemiological Studies in Air Pollution Research
1.2.2. Controlled Human Studies in Air Pollution Research
1.2.3. Animal Studies in Air Pollution Research
1.2.4. New Approach Methods in Air Pollution Research
1.3. Purpose of the Current Review
2. In Vitro Study Design Considerations
2.1. Cell Models
2.1.1. Monoculture Cell Lines
2.1.2. Cells from Human Donors
2.1.3. Lung-On-A-Chip Models
2.2. Cell Exposure Conditions
2.2.1. Exposures Using Submerged Conditions
2.2.2. Exposures Using Air–Liquid Interface Conditions
2.3. ALI Exposure Chambers
2.3.1. Undirected Flow
2.3.2. Perpendicular Flow
2.3.3. Horizontal Flow
2.3.4. Particle Deposition Forces
2.3.5. Exposure Parameters and Test Controls
2.4. Toxicity Endpoints
2.4.1. Cell Viability
2.4.2. Gene-Level Changes
2.4.3. Protein-Level Changes
2.4.4. Epigenetic-Level Changes
3. Placing In Vitro Findings in the Context of Animal and Human Exposure Conditions
3.1. Experimental Methods to Compare In Vitro Findings to In Vivo Toxicology
3.2. Computational In Vitro-To-In Vivo Extrapolation Modeling
3.3. Current Limitations and Future Directions
4. Conclusions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zavala, J.; Freedman, A.N.; Szilagyi, J.T.; Jaspers, I.; Wambaugh, J.F.; Higuchi, M.; Rager, J.E. New Approach Methods to Evaluate Health Risks of Air Pollutants: Critical Design Considerations for In Vitro Exposure Testing. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2124. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062124
Zavala J, Freedman AN, Szilagyi JT, Jaspers I, Wambaugh JF, Higuchi M, Rager JE. New Approach Methods to Evaluate Health Risks of Air Pollutants: Critical Design Considerations for In Vitro Exposure Testing. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(6):2124. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062124
Chicago/Turabian StyleZavala, Jose, Anastasia N. Freedman, John T. Szilagyi, Ilona Jaspers, John F. Wambaugh, Mark Higuchi, and Julia E. Rager. 2020. "New Approach Methods to Evaluate Health Risks of Air Pollutants: Critical Design Considerations for In Vitro Exposure Testing" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6: 2124. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062124