Population Attributable Fraction of Early Age of Onset of Alcohol Use in Alcohol Abuse and Dependence: A 3-Year Follow-Up Study in University Students
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design, Population and Sample
2.2. Data Collection Procedure
2.3. Definition of Variables
2.3.1. Dependent Variables
2.3.2. Independent Variables
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Proportion of Subjects (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | Initial n = 3113 | 1-Year Follow-up n = 1667 | 2-Year Follow-up n = 1315 | 3-Year Follow-up n = 1112 | p-Value |
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition | |||||
Non- abuse and non-dependence | 78.8 | 81.8 | 80.6 | 81.2 | |
Abuse | 14.1 | 12.5 | 13.9 | 12.8 | |
Dependence | 7.1 | 5.7 | 5.5 | 6.0 | 0.394 |
Age of onset of alcohol use | |||||
Older than 18 years | 19.9 | 27.1 | 31.5 | 32.2 | |
18 years | 29.3 | 30.6 | 27.5 | 27.6 | |
17 years | 21.1 | 18.2 | 17.2 | 16.1 | |
16 years | 16.2 | 14.2 | 13.5 | 13.0 | |
Younger than 16 years | 13.5 | 9.9 | 10.4 | 11.1 | <0.001 |
Cannabis consumption | |||||
No | 66.0 | 67.5 | 69.1 | 69.6 | |
Yes | 34.0 | 32.5 | 30.9 | 30.4 | 0.105/0.010 (lineal association) |
Sexual orientation | |||||
Heterosexual | 89.7 | 90.2 | 90.6 | 90.3 | |
Homosexual | 2.1 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 1.6 | |
Bisexual | 8.2 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 8.1 | 0.915 |
Ethnicity | |||||
White | 48.9 | 43.7 | 42.7 | 42.5 | |
Asian | 15.2 | 18.5 | 20.2 | 20.6 | |
Black | 22.8 | 25.2 | 25.2 | 25.0 | |
Hispanic | 5.9 | 5.1 | 5.6 | 5.9 | |
More than one race | 6.7 | 7.0 | 6.7 | 6.0 | <0.001 |
Residence | |||||
Parental home | 6.3 | 6.1 | 6.5 | 7.0 | |
Residence hall | 88.6 | 89.7 | 88.9 | 88.6 | |
Off-campus housing | 5.2 | 4.2 | 3.9 | 4.4 | 0.580 |
Work status | |||||
Currently not working | 72.9 | 73.8 | 74.7 | 74.1 | |
Part-time | 24.4 | 23.1 | 22.0 | 22.4 | |
Full-time | 2.7 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 0.628 |
Percentage of Subjects (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | Initial n = 2057 | 1-Year Follow-up n = 883 | 2-Year Follow-up n = 644 | 3-Year Follow-up n = 540 | p-Value |
Diagnosis of alcohol disorder according to DSM-IV | |||||
Non- abuse and non- dependence | 74.6 | 75.5 | 76.9 | 73.3 | |
Abuse | 17.7 | 16.6 | 15.8 | 19.1 | |
Dependence | 7.8 | 7.6 | 7.3 | 7.6 | 0.913 |
Age of onset of alcohol use | |||||
Older than 18 years | 16.5 | 23.0 | 26.5 | 27.1 | |
18 years | 32.8 | 32.4 | 30.4 | 32.6 | |
17 years | 22.2 | 20.5 | 19.9 | 19.1 | |
16 years | 14.6 | 11.4 | 11.3 | 11.0 | |
Younger than 16 years | 14.0 | 12.7 | 11.9 | 10.2 | <0.001 |
Cannabis consumption | |||||
No | 56.9 | 57.7 | 60.7 | 62.9 | |
Yes | 43.1 | 42.3 | 39.3 | 37.1 | 0.087/0.012 (linear association) |
Sexual orientation | |||||
Heterosexual | 89.8 | 90.5 | 88.8 | 90.2 | |
Homosexual | 7.1 | 6.7 | 7.8 | 6.2 | |
Bisexual | 3.0 | 2.8 | 3.3 | 3.6 | 0.902 |
Ethnicity | |||||
White | 55.7 | 54.7 | 53.0 | 52.0 | |
Asian | 17.7 | 20.9 | 21.8 | 21.8 | |
Black | 14.9 | 14.6 | 16.7 | 16.3 | |
Hispanic | 6.8 | 6.2 | 5.6 | 6.3 | |
More than one race | 5.0 | 3.5 | 2.9 | 3.6 | 0.110 |
Residence | |||||
Parental home | 7.1 | 7.1 | 5.7 | 6.4 | |
Residence hall | 85.8 | 88.4 | 89.2 | 88.1 | |
Off-campus housing | 7.1 | 4.6 | 5.1 | 5.5 | 0.171 |
Work status | |||||
Currently not working | 76.7 | 75.6 | 76.5 | 74.9 | |
Part-time | 21.3 | 22.7 | 22.6 | 24.2 | |
Full-time | 2.0 | 1.7 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.418 |
Proportion of Subjects (%) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alcohol Abuse (DSM-IV) | Alcohol Dependence (DSM-IV) | |||||||||
Period | Period | |||||||||
Participants Characteristics | First Year, Fall | First Year, Spring | Second Year, Spring | Third Year, Spring | Fourth Year, Spring | First Year, Fall | First Year, Spring | Second year, SPRING | Third Year, Spring | Fourth Year, Spring |
Age of onset of alcohol use | ||||||||||
Older than 18 years | 3.3 | 3.9 | 3.1 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 1.3 |
18 years | 7.2 | 7.1 | 11.0 | 10.2 | 16.0 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 4.9 |
17 years | 13.5 | 14.9 | 18.0 | 19.8 | 21.8 | 5.6 | 5.5 | 5.7 | 8.3 | 5.8 |
16 years | 29.5 | 28.4 | 28.6 | 31.4 | 22.6 | 11.8 | 6.7 | 9.7 | 7.2 | 6.5 |
Younger than 16 years | 46.4* | 36.6* | 31.5* | 35.1* | 46.7* | 18.7* | 11.0* | 13.8* | 8.8* | 17.1* |
Ethnicity | ||||||||||
White | 29.9 | 18.6 | 19.0 | 19.6 | 23.0 | 9.2 | 4.7 | 6.6 | 4.9 | 7.5 |
Asian | 12.7 | 10.9 | 11.7 | 11.3 | 9.1 | 8.1 | 5.2 | 6.7 | 4.3 | 3.4 |
Black | 8.3 | 11.1 | 7.5 | 11.5 | 12.5 | 6.1 | 5.0 | 3.1 | 2.6 | 2.9 |
Hispanic | 11.4 | 15.3 | 20.8 | 13.6 | 18.6 | 5.5 | 3.5 | 3.9 | 6.8 | 3.4 |
More than one race | 19.8* | 20.9* | 17.3* | 14.5^ | 13.3* | 4.1 | 5.5 | 5.4 | 9.2 | 5.0 |
Sexual orientation | ||||||||||
Heterosexual | 17.5 | 13.6 | 14.1 | 14.7 | 15.8 | 6.9 | 4.2 | 4.8 | 4.2 | 4.9 |
Homosexual | 16.7 | 12.0 | 35.5 | 35.0 | 23.5 | 5.3 | 0 | 9.7 | 5.0 | 5.9 |
Bisexual | 20.6 | 18.9 | 17.9* | 18.5^ | 26.8 | 9.7 | 5.3 | 8.5 | 6.5 | 8.5 |
Residence | ||||||||||
Parental home | 17.5 | 11.6 | 7.4 | 5.9 | 18.9 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 4.2 |
Residence hall | 17.9 | 15.9 | 9.6 | 8.5 | 9.8 | 9.4 | 4.9 | 2.9 | 2.4 | 2.8 |
Off-campus housing | 28.9 | 20.7 | 20.5* | 20.2* | 19.1^ | 16.7^ | 5.2 | 7.7 | 5.9^ | 6.2 |
Work status | ||||||||||
Currently not working | 17.7 | 15.6 | 14.1 | 17.6 | 17.8 | 8.7 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 6.4 | 8.0 |
Part-time | 21.6 | 15.4 | 14.5 | 13.4 | 15.6 | 10.4 | 4.6 | 5.3 | 2.9 | 3.9 |
Full-time | 9.5 | 31.8 | 37.8* | 26.4^ | 26.9 | 13.0 | 4.5 | 16.2^ | 11.3^ | 7.5 |
Total | 18.4 | 15.8 | 15.0 | 15.4 | 17.0 | 7.8 | 4.7 | 5.3 | 4.5 | 5.3 |
Proportion of Subjects (%) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alcohol Abuse (DSM-IV) | Alcohol Dependence (DSM-IV) | |||||||||
Period | Period | |||||||||
Participants Characteristics | First Year, Fall | First Year, Spring | Second Year, Spring | Third Year, Spring | Fourth Year, Spring | First Year, Fall | First Year, Spring | Second Year, Spring | Third Year, Spring | Fourth Year, Spring |
Age of onset of alcohol use | ||||||||||
Older than 18 years | 9.7 | 8.3 | 7.1 | 5.1 | 8.1 | 6.3 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 4.3 | 3.3 |
18 years | 7.1 | 16.5 | 14.1 | 20.2 | 22.5 | 3.3 | 4.5 | 6.2 | 7.5 | 11.9 |
17 years | 23.8 | 22.8 | 27.2 | 29.7 | 34.1 | 3.3 | 6.1 | 9.5 | 8.1 | 15.9 |
16 years | 35.4 | 33.0 | 34.6 | 34.9 | 34.6 | 11.2 | 12.2 | 16.0 | 17.5 | 23.1 |
Younger than 16 years | 44.5* | 39.2* | 41.7* | 28.6* | 21.7* | 19.2* | 13.7* | 11.9* | 18.8* | 10.9* |
Ethnicity | ||||||||||
White | 24.6 | 24.1 | 24.9 | 26.5 | 25.3 | 7.5 | 7.2 | 9.0 | 10.8 | 12.3 |
Asian | 12.3 | 12.1 | 15.7 | 10.7 | 14.3 | 4.3 | 5.6 | 6.1 | 5.4 | 4.8 |
Black | 12.3 | 20.0 | 10.5 | 10.2 | 20.8 | 7.7 | 2.7 | 6.3 | 5.7 | 16.7 |
Hispanic | 16.2 | 19.6 | 19.0 | 10.0 | 17.2 | 7.1 | 12.5 | 7.1 | 12.9 | 13.8 |
More than one race | 10.5 * | 25.7 | 11.5* | 50.0* | 22.2 | 9.4 | 2.9 | 7.7 | 18.8 | 11.1 |
Sexual orientation | ||||||||||
Heterosexual | 19.3 | 19.3 | 19.8 | 19.1 | 22.5 | 5.7 | 6.5 | 8.2 | 9.4 | 11.5 |
Homosexual | 17.6 | 7.9 | 24.0 | 27.7 | 13.3 | 2.9 | 0.0 | 6.0 | 6.4 | 6.7 |
Bisexual | 14.3 | 27.8 | 23.8 | 25.0 | 23.5 | 0.0 | 16.7 | 0.0 | 10.0 | 11.8 |
Residence | ||||||||||
Parental home | 15.4 | 18.4 | 13.5 | 5.1 | 11.8 | 11.1 | 2.6 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 8.8 |
Residence hall | 21.2 | 20.7 | 12.7 | 9.6 | 15.4 | 7.6 | 6.4 | 4.4 | 5.2 | 5.8 |
Off-campus housing | 36.7^ | 31.2 | 24.7* | 24.6* | 23.7^ | 20.6^ | 10.4 | 9.4 | 10.2 | 12.4 |
Work status | ||||||||||
Currently not working | 22.9 | 21.9 | 19.0 | 19.1 | 23.2 | 8.9 | 6.6 | 7.4 | 7.6 | 11.6 |
Part-time | 19.6 | 20.0 | 23.7 | 21.3 | 19.8 | 7.1 | 5.7 | 7.8 | 11.0 | 11.5 |
Full-time | 21.4 | 40.0 | 23.5 | 26.3 | 31.8 | 0.0 | 30.0^ | 11.8 | 10.5 | 9.1 |
Total | 20.6 | 21.5 | 20.5 | 20.2 | 21.9 | 7.1 | 6.6 | 7.7 | 9.1 | 11.3 |
Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Females | Males | |||
Predictors | Alcohol Abuse | Alcohol Dependence | Alcohol Abuse | Alcohol Dependence |
Age of onset of alcohol use | ||||
Older than 18 years | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
18 years | 3.01 (2.00–4.06) | 2.83 (1.39–5.76) | 2.24 (1.53–3.27) | 1.83 (1.07–3.14) |
17 years | 5.33 (3.44–7.05) | 5.66 (2.80–11.43) | 4.15 (2.84–6.06) | 2.40 (1.38–4.19) |
16 years | 10.19 (6.85–13.92) | 7.95 (3.96–15.99) | 6.62 (4.46–9.84) | 5.57 (3.21–9.66) |
Younger than 16 years | 14.98 (9.53–19.92) | 11.83 (5.89–23.78) | 7.41 (4.95–11.10) | 6.24 (3.58–10.88) |
Residence | ||||
Parental home | 1 | 1 | ||
Residence hall | 0.96 (0.64– 1.44) | 1.56 (0.67– 3.65) | ||
Off-campus housing | 1.73 (1.16–2.56) | 2.76 (1.19–6.40) | ||
Ethnicity | ||||
Black/African American | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Asian | 1.18 (0.85–1.65) | 1.24 (0.91–1.70) | 0.84 (0.57–1.24) | 0.68 (0.40–1.15) |
Hispanic | 1.22(0.81–1.84) | 1.16 (0.78–1.72) | 0.90 (0.57–1.42) | 1.30 (0.73–2.29) |
White | 1.58 (1.23–2.02) | 1.51 (1.19–2.91) | 1.50 (1.11–2.03) | 1.02 (0.68–1.52) |
More than one race | 1.73 (1.19–2.51) | 1.73 (1.21–2.48) | 1.35 (0.81–2.24) | 1.19 (0.61–2.34) |
Sexual orientation | ||||
Heterosexual | 1 | |||
Homosexual | 2.09 (1.21–3.58) | |||
Bisexual | 1.28 (0.97–1.69) | |||
Religiosity | ||||
Tercile 1 (Low) | 1 | 1 | ||
Tercile 2 (Medium) | 0.80 (0.65–0.96) | 0.90 (0.68–1.19) | ||
Tercile 3 (High) | 0.58 (0.43–0.78) | 0.76 (0.50–1.14) | ||
Work status | ||||
Currently not working | 1 | 1 | ||
Part-time | 0.87 (0.72–1.04) | 0.68 (0.50–0.92) | ||
Full-time | 1.69 (1.14–2.52) | 1.78 (1.00–3.16) | ||
Period | ||||
First year, fall | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
First year, spring | 0.92 (0.68–1.24) | 0.44 (0.28–0.70) | 1.22 (0.95–1.54) | 0.89 (0.71–1.31) |
Second year, spring | 0.80 (0.58–1.10) | 0.44 (0.27–0.74) | 1.24 (0.95–1.62) | 1.16 (0.78–1.72) |
Third year, spring | 0.85 (0.60–1.20) | 0.39 (0.23–0.67) | 1.36 (1.02–1.80) | 1.43 (0.95–2.16) |
Fourth year, spring | 0.96 (0.67–1.39) | 0.46 (0.26–0.82) | 1.54 (1.13–2.11) | 1.98 (1.33– 2.95) |
Proportion (%) of alcohol abuse removed if… | Proportion (%) of alcohol dependence removed if… | |||||||
…one third started alcohol use one year later | …one half started alcohol use one year later | …all students started alcohol use one year later | …all students started e alcohol use after age 18 years | …one third started alcohol use one year later | …one half started alcohol use one year later | …all students started alcohol use one year later | …all students started alcohol use after age 18 years | |
Females | 14.59 | 22.11 | 44.21 | 80.9 | 16.15 | 24.46 | 48.93 | 71.7 |
Males | 18.06 | 27.37 | 54.74 | 71.0 | 16.40 | 24.85 | 49.69 | 63.5 |
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Caamano-Isorna, F.; Adkins, A.; Aliev, F.; Moure-Rodríguez, L.; Dick, D.M. Population Attributable Fraction of Early Age of Onset of Alcohol Use in Alcohol Abuse and Dependence: A 3-Year Follow-Up Study in University Students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2159. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062159
Caamano-Isorna F, Adkins A, Aliev F, Moure-Rodríguez L, Dick DM. Population Attributable Fraction of Early Age of Onset of Alcohol Use in Alcohol Abuse and Dependence: A 3-Year Follow-Up Study in University Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(6):2159. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062159
Chicago/Turabian StyleCaamano-Isorna, Francisco, Amy Adkins, Fazil Aliev, Lucía Moure-Rodríguez, and Danielle M. Dick. 2020. "Population Attributable Fraction of Early Age of Onset of Alcohol Use in Alcohol Abuse and Dependence: A 3-Year Follow-Up Study in University Students" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6: 2159. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062159